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==Overview==
==Overview==
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by an increase in concentration of parathyroid hormone in serum. There are three type of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. There are an array of different causes for all types of hyperparathyroidism.
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by an increase in concentration of [[parathyroid hormone]] in serum. There are three type of [[hyperparathyroidism]] including primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. There are an array of different causes for all types of hyperparathyroidism.


==Causes of Primary hyperparathyroidism==
==Causes of Primary hyperparathyroidism==
Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
===Common causes===
===Common causes===
*Parathyroid adenoma
*[[Parathyroid adenoma]]
**Usually single gland affected
**Usually single gland affected
**Sometimes multiple gland affected
**Sometimes multiple gland affected


===Less common causes===
===Less common causes===
*Parathyroid hyperplasia
*Parathyroid [[hyperplasia]]
*Parathyroid carcinoma
*[[Parathyroid carcinoma]]
*Familial isloated hyperparathyroidism
*Familial isloated hyperparathyroidism
*Radiation exposure (due to development of parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia)<ref name="pmid21848480">{{cite journal| author=Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Belyi D, Dietrich JW| title=The parathyroid as a target for radiation damage. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 365 | issue= 7 | pages= 676-8 | pmid=21848480 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1104982 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21848480  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18774659">{{cite journal| author=McMullen T, Bodie G, Gill A, Ihre-Lundgren C, Shun A, Bergin M et al.| title=Hyperparathyroidism after irradiation for childhood malignancy. | journal=Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | year= 2009 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 1164-8 | pmid=18774659 | doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1487 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18774659  }} </ref><ref name="pmid890665">{{cite journal| author=Tisell LE, Hansson G, Lindberg S, Ragnhult I| title=Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis. | journal=Cancer | year= 1977 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 846-54 | pmid=890665 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=890665  }} </ref>
*[[Radiation exposure]] (due to development of parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia)<ref name="pmid21848480">{{cite journal| author=Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Belyi D, Dietrich JW| title=The parathyroid as a target for radiation damage. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 365 | issue= 7 | pages= 676-8 | pmid=21848480 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1104982 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21848480  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18774659">{{cite journal| author=McMullen T, Bodie G, Gill A, Ihre-Lundgren C, Shun A, Bergin M et al.| title=Hyperparathyroidism after irradiation for childhood malignancy. | journal=Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | year= 2009 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 1164-8 | pmid=18774659 | doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1487 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18774659  }} </ref><ref name="pmid890665">{{cite journal| author=Tisell LE, Hansson G, Lindberg S, Ragnhult I| title=Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis. | journal=Cancer | year= 1977 | volume= 40 | issue= 2 | pages= 846-54 | pmid=890665 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=890665  }} </ref>
*Celiac disease<ref name="pmid17148709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL |title=Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=82 |issue=974 |pages=833–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17148709 |pmc=2653933 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22238405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Silverberg SJ, Ekbom A |title=Primary hyperparathyroidism and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=897–904 |year=2012 |pmid=22238405 |pmc=3319223 |doi=10.1210/jc.2011-2639 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Celiac disease]]<ref name="pmid17148709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL |title=Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=82 |issue=974 |pages=833–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17148709 |pmc=2653933 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22238405">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Silverberg SJ, Ekbom A |title=Primary hyperparathyroidism and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=897–904 |year=2012 |pmid=22238405 |pmc=3319223 |doi=10.1210/jc.2011-2639 |url=}}</ref>


===Genetic causes===
===Genetic causes===
Line 24: Line 24:
**HRPT2 gene code for parafibromin protein.
**HRPT2 gene code for parafibromin protein.
**HRPT2 gene mutations are found in a type of familial hyperparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome.
**HRPT2 gene mutations are found in a type of familial hyperparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome.
**HRTP2 gene mutations increases risk of parathyroid carcinoma.
**HRTP2 gene mutations increases risk of [[parathyroid carcinoma]].
*Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1)/PRAD1 gene:<ref name="pmid19373510">{{cite journal| author=Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G| title=Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease. | journal=World J Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 33 | issue= 11 | pages= 2224-33 | pmid=19373510 | doi=10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19373510  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8626826">{{cite journal| author=Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A| title=Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1996 | volume= 81 | issue= 5 | pages= 1736-9 | pmid=8626826 | doi=10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8626826  }} </ref>
*[[Cyclin D1]] gene (CCND1)/PRAD1 gene:<ref name="pmid19373510">{{cite journal| author=Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G| title=Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease. | journal=World J Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 33 | issue= 11 | pages= 2224-33 | pmid=19373510 | doi=10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19373510  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8626826">{{cite journal| author=Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A| title=Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 1996 | volume= 81 | issue= 5 | pages= 1736-9 | pmid=8626826 | doi=10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8626826  }} </ref>
**PRAD1 (parathyroid adenoma 1) is a protooncogene located on chromosome 11q13.
**PRAD1 (parathyroid adenoma 1) is a [[protooncogene]] located on chromosome 11q13.
**Cyclin D1 gene translocation and oncogene action observerd in 8% of adenomas
**[[Cyclin D1]] gene [[translocation]] and [[oncogene]] action observed in 8% of [[Adenoma|adenomas]].
**Cyclin D1 gene overexpression is pbserved in 20% to 40% of parathyroid adenomas
**[[Cyclin D1]] gene [[overexpression]] is observed in 20% to 40% of parathyroid [[Adenoma|adenomas]].
*MEN1 gene:<ref name="pmid19373510">{{cite journal| author=Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G| title=Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease. | journal=World J Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 33 | issue= 11 | pages= 2224-33 | pmid=19373510 | doi=10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19373510  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9215689">{{cite journal| author=Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC et al.| title=Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states. | journal=Hum Mol Genet | year= 1997 | volume= 6 | issue= 7 | pages= 1169-75 | pmid=9215689 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9215689  }} </ref>
*[[MEN1]] gene:<ref name="pmid19373510">{{cite journal| author=Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G| title=Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease. | journal=World J Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 33 | issue= 11 | pages= 2224-33 | pmid=19373510 | doi=10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19373510  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9215689">{{cite journal| author=Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC et al.| title=Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states. | journal=Hum Mol Genet | year= 1997 | volume= 6 | issue= 7 | pages= 1169-75 | pmid=9215689 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9215689  }} </ref>
**MEN1 is a tumor supressor gene on chronosome 11q13.
**[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|MEN 1]] is a [[Tumor suppressor gene|tumor supressor gene]] on chromosome 11q13.
**Somatic loss of single MEN1 allele is observed in  25% to 40% of sporadic parathyroid adenomas.
**Somatic loss of single [[MEN1]] allele is observed in  25% to 40% of sporadic [[Parathyroid adenoma|parathyroid adenomas]].


==Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism==
==Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism==
Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
===Common causes===
===Common causes===
*Chronic renal failure (leading to parathyroid hyperplasia)<ref name="pmid15507543">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D| title=The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. | journal=Am J Physiol Renal Physiol | year= 2005 | volume= 288 | issue= 2 | pages= F253-64 | pmid=15507543 | doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15507543  }} </ref>
*[[Chronic renal failure]] (leading to parathyroid [[hyperplasia]])<ref name="pmid15507543">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D| title=The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. | journal=Am J Physiol Renal Physiol | year= 2005 | volume= 288 | issue= 2 | pages= F253-64 | pmid=15507543 | doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15507543  }} </ref>
*Vitamin D deficiency<ref name="pmid11493580">{{cite journal| author=Lips P| title=Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. | journal=Endocr Rev | year= 2001 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 477-501 | pmid=11493580 | doi=10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11493580  }} </ref>
*[[Vitamin D deficiency]]<ref name="pmid11493580">{{cite journal| author=Lips P| title=Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. | journal=Endocr Rev | year= 2001 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 477-501 | pmid=11493580 | doi=10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11493580  }} </ref>


===Less common causes===
===Less common causes===
*Severe calcium deficiency<ref name="pmid16512945">{{cite journal| author=Mehrotra M, Gupta SK, Kumar K, Awasthi PK, Dubey M, Pandey CM et al.| title=Calcium deficiency-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia are rapidly reversible with calcium supplementation in growing rabbit pups. | journal=Br J Nutr | year= 2006 | volume= 95 | issue= 3 | pages= 582-90 | pmid=16512945 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16512945  }} </ref>
*Severe [[calcium deficiency]]<ref name="pmid16512945">{{cite journal| author=Mehrotra M, Gupta SK, Kumar K, Awasthi PK, Dubey M, Pandey CM et al.| title=Calcium deficiency-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia are rapidly reversible with calcium supplementation in growing rabbit pups. | journal=Br J Nutr | year= 2006 | volume= 95 | issue= 3 | pages= 582-90 | pmid=16512945 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16512945  }} </ref>
*Gastric bypass surgery, particularly roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP)<ref name="pmid16633006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM |title=The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=243 |issue=5 |pages=701–4; discussion 704–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16633006 |pmc=1570540 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000216773.47825.c1 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Gastric bypass surgery]], particularly [[Roux-en-Y|roux-en-Y gastric bypass]] (RYGBP)<ref name="pmid16633006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM |title=The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=243 |issue=5 |pages=701–4; discussion 704–5 |year=2006 |pmid=16633006 |pmc=1570540 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000216773.47825.c1 |url=}}</ref>
*Malabsorption syndrome<ref name="pmid19836494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H |title=Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, state of the art surgical management |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1227–39 |year=2009 |pmid=19836494 |pmc=2905047 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.011 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Malabsorption]] syndrome<ref name="pmid19836494">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H |title=Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, state of the art surgical management |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=1227–39 |year=2009 |pmid=19836494 |pmc=2905047 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.011 |url=}}</ref>


==Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism==
==Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism==
Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
===Common causes===
===Common causes===
*Chronic renal failure (leading to parathyroid hyperplasia)
*[[Chronic renal failure]] (leading to parathyroid hyperplasia)
*Renal transplant patients<ref name="pmid9780988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR |title=Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy |journal=Surgery |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=677–83; discussion 683–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9780988 |doi=10.1067/msy.1998.91483 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Renal transplantation|Renal transplant]] patients<ref name="pmid9780988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR |title=Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy |journal=Surgery |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=677–83; discussion 683–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9780988 |doi=10.1067/msy.1998.91483 |url=}}</ref>


===Less common cause===
===Less common cause===
*Long standing celiac disease<ref name="pmid17148709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL |title=Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=82 |issue=974 |pages=833–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17148709 |pmc=2653933 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500 |url=}}</ref>
*Long standing [[celiac disease]]<ref name="pmid17148709">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL |title=Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=82 |issue=974 |pages=833–5 |year=2006 |pmid=17148709 |pmc=2653933 |doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500 |url=}}</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Parathyroid adenoma]], parathyroid hyperplasia, [[Parathyroid carcinoma]], familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Parathyroid adenoma]], parathyroid [[hyperplasia]], [[parathyroid carcinoma]], familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 87: Line 87:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Celiac disease]], [[Gastric bypass surgery]],  [[Malabsorption syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Celiac disease]], [[fastric bypass surgery]],  [[malabsorption syndrome]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 95: Line 95:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Vitamin d deficiency]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Vitamin D deficiency]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Gastric bypass surgery]],  [[Radiation exposure]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Gastric bypass surgery]],  [[radiation exposure]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 115: Line 115:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Vitamin D deficiency, severe calcium deficiency
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Vitamin D deficiency]], severe [[calcium deficiency]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 123: Line 123:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome]],  neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism,  [[Parathyroid adenoma]],[[Parathyroid carcinoma]], multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome]],  neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism,  [[parathyroid adenoma]],[[parathyroid carcinoma]], [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]] ([[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|MEN 1]])
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 143: Line 143:
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | Chronic renal failure, renal transplant, severe calcium deficiency
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Chronic renal failure]], [[renal transplant]], severe [[calcium deficiency]]
|-
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 169: Line 169:
{{columns-list|3|
{{columns-list|3|
*[[Celiac disease]]
*[[Celiac disease]]
*Chronic renal failure
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Gastric bypass surgery]]
*[[Gastric bypass surgery]]
Line 178: Line 178:
*[[Parathyroid adenoma]]
*[[Parathyroid adenoma]]
*[[Parathyroid carcinoma]]
*[[Parathyroid carcinoma]]
*[[Parathyroid hyperplasia]]
*Parathyroid [[hyperplasia]]
*[[Radiation exposure]]
*[[Radiation exposure]]
*Renal transplant patients
*[[Renal transplant]] patients
*Severe calcium deficiency
*Severe [[calcium deficiency]]
*Vitamin D deficiency
*[[Vitamin D deficiency]]
}}
}}


Revision as of 16:47, 16 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Overview

Hyperparathyroidism is caused by an increase in concentration of parathyroid hormone in serum. There are three type of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. There are an array of different causes for all types of hyperparathyroidism.

Causes of Primary hyperparathyroidism

Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:

Common causes

Less common causes

Genetic causes

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:

Common causes

Less common causes

Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:

Common causes

Less common cause

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Celiac disease, fastric bypass surgery, malabsorption syndrome
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Vitamin D deficiency
Iatrogenic Gastric bypass surgery, radiation exposure
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Vitamin D deficiency, severe calcium deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid adenoma,parathyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Chronic renal failure, renal transplant, severe calcium deficiency
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Celiac disease
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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3

References

  1. ↑ Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Belyi D, Dietrich JW (2011). "The parathyroid as a target for radiation damage". N Engl J Med. 365 (7): 676–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1104982. PMID 21848480.
  2. ↑ McMullen T, Bodie G, Gill A, Ihre-Lundgren C, Shun A, Bergin M; et al. (2009). "Hyperparathyroidism after irradiation for childhood malignancy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 73 (4): 1164–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1487. PMID 18774659.
  3. ↑ Tisell LE, Hansson G, Lindberg S, Ragnhult I (1977). "Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis". Cancer. 40 (2): 846–54. PMID 890665.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL (2006). "Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association?". Postgrad Med J. 82 (974): 833–5. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500. PMC 2653933. PMID 17148709.
  5. ↑ Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Silverberg SJ, Ekbom A (2012). "Primary hyperparathyroidism and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (3): 897–904. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2639. PMC 3319223. PMID 22238405.
  6. ↑ Shattuck TM, Välimäki S, Obara T, Gaz RD, Clark OH, Shoback D; et al. (2003). "Somatic and germ-line mutations of the HRPT2 gene in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 349 (18): 1722–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031237. PMID 14585940.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G (2009). "Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease". World J Surg. 33 (11): 2224–33. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6. PMID 19373510.
  8. ↑ Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A (1996). "Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81 (5): 1736–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826. PMID 8626826.
  9. ↑ Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC; et al. (1997). "Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states". Hum Mol Genet. 6 (7): 1169–75. PMID 9215689.
  10. ↑ Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D (2005). "The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 288 (2): F253–64. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2004. PMID 15507543.
  11. ↑ Lips P (2001). "Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications". Endocr Rev. 22 (4): 477–501. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437. PMID 11493580.
  12. ↑ Mehrotra M, Gupta SK, Kumar K, Awasthi PK, Dubey M, Pandey CM; et al. (2006). "Calcium deficiency-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia are rapidly reversible with calcium supplementation in growing rabbit pups". Br J Nutr. 95 (3): 582–90. PMID 16512945.
  13. ↑ Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM (2006). "The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism". Ann. Surg. 243 (5): 701–4, discussion 704–5. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000216773.47825.c1. PMC 1570540. PMID 16633006.
  14. ↑ Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H (2009). "Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, state of the art surgical management". Surg. Clin. North Am. 89 (5): 1227–39. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.011. PMC 2905047. PMID 19836494.
  15. ↑ Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR (1998). "Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy". Surgery. 124 (4): 677–83, discussion 683–4. doi:10.1067/msy.1998.91483. PMID 9780988.
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