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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by: | |||
* Inadequate vitamin D skin production | |||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | |||
* Vitamin D loss | |||
* Malabsorption | |||
* Impaired metabolism | |||
* Resistance to Vitamin D | |||
* Medication | |||
===Common causes=== | ===Common causes=== | ||
* Antiepileptic medication <ref name="pmid15123008">{{cite journal| author=Pack AM, Morrell MJ| title=Epilepsy and bone health in adults. | journal=Epilepsy Behav | year= 2004 | volume= 5 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S24-9 | pmid=15123008 | doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15123008 }} </ref> | |||
===Less common | * Glucocorticoid <ref name="pmid16691293">{{cite journal| author=Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG et al.| title=Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia. | journal=J Clin Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 116 | issue= 6 | pages= 1703-12 | pmid=16691293 | doi=10.1172/JCI27793 | pmc=1459072 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16691293 }} </ref> | ||
* Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin and clothing | |||
* Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake | |||
===Less common cause=== | |||
* Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets | |||
* Celiac disease | |||
* Chronic kidney disease: impaired renal 1α-hydroxylation <ref name="pmid19255004">{{cite journal| author=Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE| title=Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 123 | issue= 3 | pages= 791-6 | pmid=19255004 | doi=10.1542/peds.2008-0634 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19255004 }} </ref> | |||
* Crohn disease <ref name="pmid17079566">{{cite journal| author=Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC et al.| title=Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2006 | volume= 118 | issue= 5 | pages= 1950-61 | pmid=17079566 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0841 | pmc=3205440 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17079566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4050723">{{cite journal| author=Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 1985 | volume= 42 | issue= 4 | pages= 644-9 | pmid=4050723 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4050723 }} </ref> | |||
* Cystic fibrosis | |||
* Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) | |||
* Hyperthyroidism | |||
* Impaired enterohepatic circulation | |||
* Nephrotic syndrome | |||
* Post gastric bypass surgery | |||
* Primary hyperparathyroidism | |||
* Rifampin | |||
* Sarcoidosis | |||
* Severe liver failure: impaired hepatic 25-hydroxylation | |||
* Short bowel syndrome | |||
* St John's wort | |||
* Tuberculosis | |||
* Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets | |||
* Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets | |||
* Vitamin D-resistant rickets | |||
* Whipple disease | |||
* X-linked familial hypophosphatemia | |||
===Causes by organ system=== | ===Causes by organ system=== | ||
Revision as of 19:59, 25 August 2017
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Vitamin D deficiency Microchapters |
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Case Studies |
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Sandbox: sadaf On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sandbox: sadaf |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Common causes of vitamin D deficiency are inadequate vitamin D skin production, less dietary vitamin D intake and impaired absorption. Other causes of vitamin D deficiency include vitamin D loss, abnormal metabolism, resistance to vitamin D and medication.
Causes
Vitamin D deficiency may be caused by:
- Inadequate vitamin D skin production
- Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
- Vitamin D loss
- Malabsorption
- Impaired metabolism
- Resistance to Vitamin D
- Medication
Common causes
- Antiepileptic medication [1]
- Glucocorticoid [2]
- Inadequate sun exposure including dark skin and clothing
- Inadequate vitamin D dietary intake
Less common cause
- Autosomal-dominant hypophosphatemic rickets
- Celiac disease
- Chronic kidney disease: impaired renal 1α-hydroxylation [3]
- Crohn disease [4][5]
- Cystic fibrosis
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Impaired enterohepatic circulation
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Post gastric bypass surgery
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Rifampin
- Sarcoidosis
- Severe liver failure: impaired hepatic 25-hydroxylation
- Short bowel syndrome
- St John's wort
- Tuberculosis
- Type I hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
- Type II hereditary vitamin D–dependent rickets
- Vitamin D-resistant rickets
- Whipple disease
- X-linked familial hypophosphatemia
Causes by organ system
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in alphabetical order
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3References
- ↑ Pack AM, Morrell MJ (2004). "Epilepsy and bone health in adults". Epilepsy Behav. 5 Suppl 2: S24–9. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.11.029. PMID 15123008.
- ↑ Zhou C, Assem M, Tay JC, Watkins PB, Blumberg B, Schuetz EG; et al. (2006). "Steroid and xenobiotic receptor and vitamin D receptor crosstalk mediates CYP24 expression and drug-induced osteomalacia". J Clin Invest. 116 (6): 1703–12. doi:10.1172/JCI27793. PMC 1459072. PMID 16691293.
- ↑ Ali FN, Arguelles LM, Langman CB, Price HE (2009). "Vitamin D deficiency in children with chronic kidney disease: uncovering an epidemic". Pediatrics. 123 (3): 791–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0634. PMID 19255004.
- ↑ Pappa HM, Gordon CM, Saslowsky TM, Zholudev A, Horr B, Shih MC; et al. (2006). "Vitamin D status in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease". Pediatrics. 118 (5): 1950–61. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0841. PMC 3205440. PMID 17079566.
- ↑ Lo CW, Paris PW, Clemens TL, Nolan J, Holick MF (1985). "Vitamin D absorption in healthy subjects and in patients with intestinal malabsorption syndromes". Am J Clin Nutr. 42 (4): 644–9. PMID 4050723.