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* [[Autopsy]] studies suggest a prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses of around 2% (range 1.0–8.7%).<ref name="pmid12614096">{{cite journal| author=Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA et al.| title=Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2003 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 424-9 | pmid=12614096 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12614096 }}</ref> | * [[Autopsy]] studies suggest a prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses of around 2% (range 1.0–8.7%).<ref name="pmid12614096">{{cite journal| author=Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA et al.| title=Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma"). | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2003 | volume= 138 | issue= 5 | pages= 424-9 | pmid=12614096 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12614096 }}</ref> | ||
* Radiological studies report a frequency of around 3% in the age of 50years, which increases up to 10% in the elderly.<ref name="pmid15082524" /><ref name="pmid16699294">{{cite journal| author=Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, Sperone P, Novello S, Berruti A et al.| title=Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series. | journal=J Endocrinol Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 298-302 | pmid=16699294 | doi=10.1007/BF03344099 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16699294 }}</ref> | * Radiological studies report a frequency of around 3% in the age of 50years, which increases up to 10% in the elderly.<ref name="pmid15082524" /><ref name="pmid16699294">{{cite journal| author=Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, Sperone P, Novello S, Berruti A et al.| title=Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series. | journal=J Endocrinol Invest | year= 2006 | volume= 29 | issue= 4 | pages= 298-302 | pmid=16699294 | doi=10.1007/BF03344099 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16699294 }}</ref> | ||
* Cushing’s syndrome prevalence is not established. A large study found subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in 5.3%, whereas another large study of 1004 patients found a 9.2% prevalence.<ref name="pmid10690869">{{cite journal| author=Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Alì A et al.| title=A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2000 | volume= 85 | issue= 2 | pages= 637-44 | pmid=10690869 | doi=10.1210/jcem.85.2.6372 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10690869 }}</ref> | |||
* The Incidence of primary adrenal [[carcinoma]] in patients with adrenal incidentaloma is approximately 2-5%. Another 0.7 to 2.5 percent have nonadrenal [[Metastasis|metastases]] to the [[Adrenal gland|adrenal gland.]]<ref name="pmid10732270">{{cite journal| author=Young WF| title=Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas. A view from Rochester, Minnesota. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 159-85, x | pmid=10732270 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10732270 }}</ref> | * The Incidence of primary adrenal [[carcinoma]] in patients with adrenal incidentaloma is approximately 2-5%. Another 0.7 to 2.5 percent have nonadrenal [[Metastasis|metastases]] to the [[Adrenal gland|adrenal gland.]]<ref name="pmid10732270">{{cite journal| author=Young WF| title=Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas. A view from Rochester, Minnesota. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 29 | issue= 1 | pages= 159-85, x | pmid=10732270 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10732270 }}</ref> | ||
* The risk of [[malignancy]] over time for masses defined as benign at diagnosis is estimated at about 1/1000, even though 5-25% of masses increase in size during follow-up.<ref name="pmid14514341">{{cite journal| author=Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M| title=Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. | journal=Eur J Endocrinol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 | issue= 4 | pages= 273-85 | pmid=14514341 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14514341 }}</ref> | * The risk of [[malignancy]] over time for masses defined as benign at diagnosis is estimated at about 1/1000, even though 5-25% of masses increase in size during follow-up.<ref name="pmid14514341">{{cite journal| author=Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M| title=Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas. | journal=Eur J Endocrinol | year= 2003 | volume= 149 | issue= 4 | pages= 273-85 | pmid=14514341 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14514341 }}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[2]
Overview
Prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses is around 2% in autopsy studies. Radiological studies report a frequency of around 3%. The prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas increases with age. The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma is higher in older patients 10%. There is no racial or gender predilection to incidentaloma.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
- The incidence and prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas can only be extrapolated from imaging or autopsy studies.
- Autopsy studies suggest a prevalence of clinically inapparent adrenal masses of around 2% (range 1.0–8.7%).[1]
- Radiological studies report a frequency of around 3% in the age of 50years, which increases up to 10% in the elderly.[2][3]
- Cushing’s syndrome prevalence is not established. A large study found subclinical Cushing’s syndrome in 5.3%, whereas another large study of 1004 patients found a 9.2% prevalence.[4]
- The Incidence of primary adrenal carcinoma in patients with adrenal incidentaloma is approximately 2-5%. Another 0.7 to 2.5 percent have nonadrenal metastases to the adrenal gland.[5]
- The risk of malignancy over time for masses defined as benign at diagnosis is estimated at about 1/1000, even though 5-25% of masses increase in size during follow-up.[6]
- Hyperfunction develops in about 1.7% of cases and the risk is higher in patients with lesions larger than 3 cm.[6]
Age
- The prevalence of adrenal incidentalomas increases with age.[1]
- In childhood, adrenal incidentalomas are extremely rare.
- The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma is higher in older patients 10%.
- It is less than 1% in patients younger than 30 yr of age and up to 7% in patients over age 70.[2]
- The prevalence is higher in obese, diabetic, and hypertensive patients.[1]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to incidentaloma.
Gender
- Incidentaloma affects men and women equally.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Grumbach MM, Biller BM, Braunstein GD, Campbell KK, Carney JA, Godley PA; et al. (2003). "Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass ("incidentaloma")". Ann Intern Med. 138 (5): 424–9. PMID 12614096.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mansmann G, Lau J, Balk E, Rothberg M, Miyachi Y, Bornstein SR (2004). "The clinically inapparent adrenal mass: update in diagnosis and management". Endocr Rev. 25 (2): 309–40. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0031. PMID 15082524.
- ↑ Bovio S, Cataldi A, Reimondo G, Sperone P, Novello S, Berruti A; et al. (2006). "Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series". J Endocrinol Invest. 29 (4): 298–302. doi:10.1007/BF03344099. PMID 16699294.
- ↑ Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Alì A; et al. (2000). "A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (2): 637–44. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6372. PMID 10690869.
- ↑ Young WF (2000). "Management approaches to adrenal incidentalomas. A view from Rochester, Minnesota". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 29 (1): 159–85, x. PMID 10732270.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Barzon L, Sonino N, Fallo F, Palu G, Boscaro M (2003). "Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas". Eur J Endocrinol. 149 (4): 273–85. PMID 14514341.