Goiter causes

Goiter Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

• Factors associated with goiter can be classified as follows:-
  • Hereditary factors
  • Hormonal factors
  • Dietary factors
  • Pharmacological factors
  • Physiological factors
  • Environmental factors
  • Pathological factors

• Hereditary factors:
  • Inherited defect(Familial goitre) of thyroid hormone synthesis such as:
    • Enzymatic defect deficiency
    • Dyshormonogenesis

• Hormonal factors:
  • Thyroid hormone dysfunction:
    • Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones)
    • Hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormones)

• Dietary factors:
  • Dietary iodine deficiency
  • Goitrogens (play a major role in endemic goitre)

• Pharmacological factors:
  • Use of goitrogen drugs like para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), thiocyanate and antithyroid drugs [e.g. thiouracil, carbimazole] → hypothyroidism

• Physiological factors:
  • Increased metabolic demand of thyroid hormones e.g. during pregnancy or puberty → physiological goitre

• Environmental factors:
  • Exposure to radiations leading to:
    • Thyroid cancer
    • Hypothyroidism

• Pathological factors:
  • Intrinsic thyroid gland diseases
    • Inflammatory goitres
    • Neoplastic goitres
      • Benign adenoma(follicular adenoma)
      • Malignant
        • A.Primary: Well differentiated, Poorly differentiated, Arising from parafollicular cells
        • B.Secondary

Common Causes

Goiter may be caused by:

• Iodine deficiency
• Grave's disease
• Hashimoto's disease

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of Goiter include:

• Pregnancy
• Radiation exposure
• Thyroid cancer
• Multinodular goiter
• Solitary thyroid nodules
• Inflammation

Genetic Causes

• Goiter may be caused by a mutation in the following genes which vary from one family to the other:

• Thyroglobulin (Tg) gene
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene
• Na+/I- symporter (NIS) gene

• Multinodular goitre marker 1 (MNG1) on chromosome 14