Kidney stone causes: Difference between revisions

	Kidney stone Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Kidney stone from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X Ray
Ultrasonography
CT
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Kidney stone causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kidney stone causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Kidney stone causes
CDC on Kidney stone causes
Kidney stone causes in the news
Blogs onKidney stone causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Kidney stone
Risk calculators and risk factors for Kidney stone causes

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 15:14, 25 September 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Kidney stones can be due to underlying metabolic conditions, such as renal tubular acidosis, Dent's disease and medullary sponge kidney. Many health facilities will screen for such disorders in patients with recurrent kidney stones. This is typically done with a 24 hour urine collection that is chemically analyzed for deficiencies and excesses that promote stone formation.

Causes

Common Causes

Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like Proteus and Pseudomonas
Dehydration
Inflammatory bowel disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Cobicistat, Febuxostat, Indinavir, Ixabepilone, Oxcarbazepine, Pramipexole, Sulfasalazine, Tocilizumab, Topiramate, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Diabetes mellitus
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Short bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates, Chronic Malabsorption syndrome
Genetic	X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, X-linked hypophosphataemia, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Hematologic	Leukemia
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Urinary tract infection, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Infection with urea splitting microorganisms, Berylliosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Paget's Disease
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Xanthinuria type 2, Xanthinuria type 1, Primary type 1 Hyperoxaluria, Lower Dietarypotassium, Lower Dietary phytate, Lower dietary calcium, Hypervitaminosis D, Higher Dietary vitamin C, Higher Dietary sucrose, Higher Dietary sodium, Higher Dietary oxalate, Higher Dietary fructose, Higher Dietary animal protein, Excessive Vitamin C intake
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Tumor hypercalcemia, Bone metastasis, Leukemia
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol abuse
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Urine PH less than 5.5, Type I (distal) renal tubular acidosis, Primary Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis , Medullary sponge kidney, Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary citrate, Hypophosphaturia, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria, Hyperuricemia , Hyperoxaluria, Hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, Horseshoe kidney, Higher Urinary pH (CaP stones), Higher Urinary oxalate (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary calcium, Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis, Cysteinuria, Chronic metabolic acidosis, Hyperoxaluria
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Sarcoidosis, Gout
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Urinary stasis, Urinary obstruction
Miscellaneous	Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine, Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, Obesity, Milk-alkali syndrome, Lower fluid intake, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Idiopathic, Dent's disease, Dehydration

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Alcohol abuse
Berylliosis
Bone metastasis
Chronic Malabsorption syndrome
Chronic metabolic acidosis
Cobicistat
Cysteinuria
Dehydration
Dent's disease
Diabetes mellitus
Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis
Excessive Vitamin C intake
Gout
Higher Dietary animal protein
Higher Dietary fructose
Higher Dietary oxalate
Higher Dietary sodium
Higher Dietary sucrose
Higher Dietary vitamin C
Higher Urinary calcium
Higher Urinary oxalate (CaOx stones)
Higher Urinary pH (CaP stones)
Horseshoe kidney
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalciuria
Hyperoxaluria
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperuricemia
Hyperuricosuria
Hypervitaminosis D
Hypocitraturia
Hypoparathyroidism
Hypophosphaturia
Idiopathic
Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates
Indinavir
Infection with urea splitting microorganisms
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ixabepilone

Klebsiella
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Leukemia
Low fluid intake
Low urine pH
Lower dietary calcium
Lower Dietary phytate
Lower Dietary potassium
Lower Urinary citrate
Lower Urinary volume
Medullary sponge kidney
Milk-alkali syndrome
Obesity
Paget's Disease
Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation
Primary Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis
Primary type 1 Hyperoxaluria
Primary type 2 Hyperparathyroidism
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Sarcoidosis
Short bowel syndrome
Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine
Topiramate
Tumor hypercalcemia
Type I (distal) renal tubular acidosis
Urinary obstruction
Urinary stasis
Urinary tract infection
Urine PH less than 5.5
X-linked hypophosphataemia
X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1
Xanthinuria type 1
Xanthinuria type 2
Zonisamide

Causes based on type of Stones

Calcium Stones

Bone metastasis
Cushing's syndrome
Distal renal tubular acidosis
Excessive Vitamin C intake
Hypercalcemia
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperoxaluria
Hyperuricosuria
Hypophosphaturia
Idiopathic hypercalciuria
Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates
Leukemia
Milk-alkali syndrome
Osteoporosis
Paget's Disease
Sarcoidosis
Tumor hypercalcemias
Hypervitaminosis D

Infectious Stones

Uric Acid Stones

Alcohol abuse
Dehydration
Drugs
Gout
Purine metabolism
Tumor
Idiopathic

Congenital Stones

Cystinuria

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ===Causes by Organ System===
-{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
+{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
+| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
+| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Dermatologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cobicistat]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sulfasalazine]],  [[Tocilizumab]], [[Topiramate]], [[Zonisamide]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Cobicistat]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sulfasalazine]],  [[Tocilizumab]], [[Topiramate]], [[Zonisamide]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[Diabetes mellitus]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" | [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[Diabetes mellitus]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], Increased intestinal absorption of [[oxalates]], Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], Increased intestinal absorption of [[oxalates]], Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|X-linked recessive [[nephrolithiasis]] type 1, X-linked [[hypophosphataemia]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |X-linked recessive [[nephrolithiasis]] type 1, X-linked [[hypophosphataemia]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Leukemia]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Leukemia]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Urinary tract infection]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Infection]] with urea splitting microorganisms, [[Berylliosis]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Urinary tract infection]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Infection]] with urea splitting microorganisms, [[Berylliosis]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Paget's Disease]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Paget's Disease]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Xanthinuria]] type 2, [[Xanthinuria]] type 1, Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]], Lower Dietary[[ potassium]], Lower Dietary [[phytate]], Lower dietary [[calcium]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], Higher Dietary [[vitamin C]], Higher Dietary [[sucrose]], Higher Dietary [[sodium]], Higher Dietary [[oxalate]], Higher Dietary [[fructose]], Higher Dietary animal [[protein]], Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Xanthinuria]] type 2, [[Xanthinuria]] type 1, Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]], Lower Dietary[[ potassium]], Lower Dietary [[phytate]], Lower dietary [[calcium]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], Higher Dietary [[vitamin C]], Higher Dietary [[sucrose]], Higher Dietary [[sodium]], Higher Dietary [[oxalate]], Higher Dietary [[fructose]], Higher Dietary animal [[protein]], Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Tumor]] [[hypercalcemia]], [[Bone]] [[metastasis]], [[Leukemia]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Tumor]] [[hypercalcemia]], [[Bone]] [[metastasis]], [[Leukemia]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ophthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alcohol abuse]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol abuse]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Urine [[PH]] less than 5.5, Type I (distal) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis ]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary [[citrate]], [[Hypophosphaturia]], [[Hypocitraturia]], [[Hyperuricosuria]], [[Hyperuricemia ]], [[Hyperoxaluria]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], Higher Urinary [[pH]] (CaP stones), Higher Urinary [[oxalate]] (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary [[calcium]], Distal (type 1) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Cysteinuria, Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]], [[ Hyperoxaluria]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |Urine [[PH]] less than 5.5, Type I (distal) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis ]] , [[Medullary sponge kidney]], Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary [[citrate]], [[Hypophosphaturia]], [[Hypocitraturia]], [[Hyperuricosuria]], [[Hyperuricemia ]] , [[Hyperoxaluria]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], Higher Urinary [[pH]] (CaP stones), Higher Urinary [[oxalate]] (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary [[calcium]], Distal (type 1) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Cysteinuria, Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]], [[ Hyperoxaluria]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Sarcoidosis]], [[Gout]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Sarcoidosis]], [[Gout]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Urinary stasis, [[Urinary obstruction]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |Urinary stasis, [[Urinary obstruction]]
 |-
-|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
+|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in [[urine]], Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, [[Obesity]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], Lower fluid intake, [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Dent's disease]], [[Dehydration]]
+| bgcolor="Beige" |Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in [[urine]], Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, [[Obesity]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], Lower fluid intake, [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Dent's disease]], [[Dehydration]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 *[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
 *[[Hypocitraturia]]
+*[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
 *Hypophosphaturia
 *[[Idiopathic]]