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==Overview==
==Overview==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Dumping syndrome may often be confused with other similar diseases. It is important to know how to differentiate them. Since
 
OR
 
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].


==Differentiating from other Diseases==
==Differentiating from other Diseases==
Line 15: Line 11:
** Postvagatomy diarrhea
** Postvagatomy diarrhea
* Peptic ulcer disease
* Peptic ulcer disease
*
*Short bowel syndrome
*
*Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*


===Differential Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on the basis of Constipation:===
===Differential Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on the basis of BLANK:===
The differential diagnosis of Irritable bowel Syndrome based on constipation is as follows:<ref name="pmid16678566">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasquin A, Di Lorenzo C, Forbes D, Guiraldes E, Hyams JS, Staiano A, Walker LS |title=Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=130 |issue=5 |pages=1527–37 |year=2006 |pmid=16678566 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.063 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12425553">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cash BD, Schoenfeld P, Chey WD |title=The utility of diagnostic tests in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a systematic review |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=97 |issue=11 |pages=2812–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12425553 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07027.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10235207">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hamm LR, Sorrells SC, Harding JP, Northcutt AR, Heath AT, Kapke GF, Hunt CM, Mangel AW |title=Additional investigations fail to alter the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in subjects fulfilling the Rome criteria |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1279–82 |year=1999 |pmid=10235207 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01077.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20456760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Prott G, Shim L, Hansen R, Kellow J, Malcolm A |title=Relationships between pelvic floor symptoms and function in irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Neurogastroenterol. Motil. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=764–9 |year=2010 |pmid=20456760 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01503.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8995945">{{cite journal |vauthors=Voderholzer WA, Schatke W, Mühldorfer BE, Klauser AG, Birkner B, Müller-Lissner SA |title=Clinical response to dietary fiber treatment of chronic constipation |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=95–8 |year=1997 |pmid=8995945 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20152787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spiller R, Camilleri M, Longstreth GF |title=Do the symptom-based, Rome criteria of irritable bowel syndrome lead to better diagnosis and treatment outcomes? |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=125–9; discussion 129–36 |year=2010 |pmid=20152787 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2009.12.018 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20179692">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao SS, Valestin J, Brown CK, Zimmerman B, Schulze K |title=Long-term efficacy of biofeedback therapy for dyssynergic defecation: randomized controlled trial |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=890–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20179692 |pmc=3910270 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.53 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20179696">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chey WD, Nojkov B, Rubenstein JH, Dobhan RR, Greenson JK, Cash BD |title=The yield of colonoscopy in patients with non-constipated irritable bowel syndrome: results from a prospective, controlled US trial |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=859–65 |year=2010 |pmid=20179696 |pmc=2887227 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2010.55 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23357491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Begtrup LM, Engsbro AL, Kjeldsen J, Larsen PV, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O, Bytzer P, Jarbøl DE |title=A positive diagnostic strategy is noninferior to a strategy of exclusion for patients with irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=956–62.e1 |year=2013 |pmid=23357491 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.038 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23826010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mehdi Z, Sakineh E, Mohammad F, Mansour R, Alireza A |title=Celiac disease: Serologic prevalence in patients with irritable bowel syndrome |journal=J Res Med Sci |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=839–42 |year=2012 |pmid=23826010 |pmc=3697208 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
The differential diagnosis of Dumping syndrome based on BLANK is as follows:
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=== '''Differential Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on the basis of Diarrhea:''' ===
=== '''Differential Diagnosis of Dumping syndrome on the basis of BLANK:''' ===
Diarrhea may be caused by [[infectious diseases]], [[celiac disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Spiegel BM, DeRosa VP, Gralnek IM, Wang V, Dulai GS |title=Testing for celiac sprue in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: a cost-effectiveness analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=126 |issue=7 |pages=1721-32 |year=2004 |pmid=15188167 |doi=}}</ref> parasites,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stark D, van Hal S, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J. |title=Irritable bowel syndrome: a review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis. |journal=Int J Parasitol. |volume= 31 |issue=1 |pages=11-20|year=2007 |pmid=17070814 |doi=}}</ref> food allergies<ref>{{cite journal |author=Drisko ''et al'' |title=Treating Irritable Bowel Syndrome with a Food Elimination Diet Followed by Food Challenge and Probiotics |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=514-22 |year=2006 |pmid=17229899 |doi=}}</ref>  and [[lactose intolerance]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vernia P, Ricciardi MR, Frandina C, Bilotta T, Frieri G |title=Lactose malabsorption and irritable bowel syndrome. Effect of a long-term lactose-free diet |journal=The Italian journal of gastroenterology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=117-21 |year=1995 |pmid=7548919 |doi=}}</ref>  See the [[list of causes of diarrhea]] for other conditions which can cause diarrhea. [[Coeliac disease|Celiac disease]] in particular is most often misdiagnosed as IBS.<ref>http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/celiac/ - The United States National Institutes of Health Celiac Disease Page</ref>
BLANK may be caused by X, Y, Z. See the [[list of causes of diarrhea|list of causes of BLANK]] for other conditions which can cause BLANK. X in particular is most often misdiagnosed as Dumping syndrome. The differential diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome based on diarrhea is as follows:<ref name="pmid26913568">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guagnozzi D, Arias Á, Lucendo AJ |title=Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic overlap of microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=851–862 |year=2016 |pmid=26913568 |doi=10.1111/apt.13573 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27796144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilpüsch F, Johnsen PH, Goll R, Valle PC, Sørbye SW, Abelsen B |title=Microscopic colitis: a missed diagnosis among patients with moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=173–177 |year=2017 |pmid=27796144 |doi=10.1080/00365521.2016.1242025 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14201408">{{cite journal| author=SCOBIE BA, MCGILL DB, PRIESTLEY JT, ROVELSTAD RA| title=EXCLUDED GASTRIC ANTRUM SIMULATING THE ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1964 | volume= 47 | issue=  | pages= 184-7 | pmid=14201408 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14201408  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15188167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spiegel BM, DeRosa VP, Gralnek IM, Wang V, Dulai GS |title=Testing for celiac sprue in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: a cost-effectiveness analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=126 |issue=7 |pages=1721–32 |year=2004 |pmid=15188167 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27753436">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irvine AJ, Chey WD, Ford AC |title=Screening for Celiac Disease in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |year=2017 |pmid=27753436 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2016.466 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20634346">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Rheenen PF, Van de Vijver E, Fidler V |title=Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=341 |issue= |pages=c3369 |year=2010 |pmid=20634346 |pmc=2904879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25913530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD |title=Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |year=2015 |pmid=25913530 |doi=10.1111/apt.13227 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25238408">{{cite journal |vauthors=Canavan C, Card T, West J |title=The incidence of other gastroenterological disease following diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in the UK: a cohort study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=e106478 |year=2014 |pmid=25238408 |pmc=4169512 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0106478 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19364994">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, Malhotra A, Spiegel BM, Moayyedi P |title=Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=651–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19364994 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.22 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19602448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P |title=Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1279–86 |year=2009 |pmid=19602448 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.031 |url=}}</ref>
The differential diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome based on diarrhea is as follows:<ref name="pmid26913568">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guagnozzi D, Arias Á, Lucendo AJ |title=Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic overlap of microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=851–862 |year=2016 |pmid=26913568 |doi=10.1111/apt.13573 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27796144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilpüsch F, Johnsen PH, Goll R, Valle PC, Sørbye SW, Abelsen B |title=Microscopic colitis: a missed diagnosis among patients with moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome |journal=Scand. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=173–177 |year=2017 |pmid=27796144 |doi=10.1080/00365521.2016.1242025 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14201408">{{cite journal| author=SCOBIE BA, MCGILL DB, PRIESTLEY JT, ROVELSTAD RA| title=EXCLUDED GASTRIC ANTRUM SIMULATING THE ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 1964 | volume= 47 | issue=  | pages= 184-7 | pmid=14201408 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14201408  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15188167">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spiegel BM, DeRosa VP, Gralnek IM, Wang V, Dulai GS |title=Testing for celiac sprue in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: a cost-effectiveness analysis |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=126 |issue=7 |pages=1721–32 |year=2004 |pmid=15188167 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27753436">{{cite journal |vauthors=Irvine AJ, Chey WD, Ford AC |title=Screening for Celiac Disease in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |year=2017 |pmid=27753436 |doi=10.1038/ajg.2016.466 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20634346">{{cite journal |vauthors=van Rheenen PF, Van de Vijver E, Fidler V |title=Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=341 |issue= |pages=c3369 |year=2010 |pmid=20634346 |pmc=2904879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25913530">{{cite journal |vauthors=Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD |title=Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea |journal=Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |year=2015 |pmid=25913530 |doi=10.1111/apt.13227 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25238408">{{cite journal |vauthors=Canavan C, Card T, West J |title=The incidence of other gastroenterological disease following diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in the UK: a cohort study |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=e106478 |year=2014 |pmid=25238408 |pmc=4169512 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0106478 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19364994">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, Malhotra A, Spiegel BM, Moayyedi P |title=Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=169 |issue=7 |pages=651–8 |year=2009 |pmid=19364994 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.22 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19602448">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P |title=Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=1279–86 |year=2009 |pmid=19602448 |doi=10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.031 |url=}}</ref>


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Revision as of 16:56, 22 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Umar Ahmad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Dumping syndrome may often be confused with other similar diseases. It is important to know how to differentiate them. Since

Differentiating from other Diseases

Diseases with similar symptoms

  • Postgastrectomy complications:
    • Postvagatomy diarrhea
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Short bowel syndrome
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Differential Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome on the basis of BLANK:

The differential diagnosis of Dumping syndrome based on BLANK is as follows:

Differential Diagnosis for Constipation predominant symptoms Clinical features Diagnosis
Strictures due to diverticultis,inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia or cancer
Hypothyroidism
  • Fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, constipation, weight gain, puffy face, muscle weakness, hoarseness
Medication
  • Medication history.
Neurologic disease
  • History and neurologic examination
Pelvic floor dysfunction
  • Straining, self digitation
Colonic inertia

Differential Diagnosis of Dumping syndrome on the basis of BLANK:

BLANK may be caused by X, Y, Z. See the list of causes of BLANK for other conditions which can cause BLANK. X in particular is most often misdiagnosed as Dumping syndrome. The differential diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome based on diarrhea is as follows:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Differential Diagnosis for Diarrhea predominant symptoms Clinical features Diagnosis
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
Microscopic colitis
Celiac disease
Neuroendocrine tumor
Hyperthyroidism
  • Serum TSH levels
Lactose intolerance
Infectious causes
  • Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea especially in the setting of recent travel
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth
Clostridium difficile infection(Psuedomembranous colitis)

The diffrentials of chronic watery diarrhea are as follows:

Cause Osmotic gap History Physical exam Gold standard Treatment
< 50 mOsm per kg > 50 mOsm per kg*
Watery Secretory Crohns + -
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome + -
  • Gastrin levels
  • Proton pump inhibitors
  • Octreotide
Hyperthyroidism + -
VIPoma + -
  • Elevated VIPlevels
  • Followed by imaging
Osmotic Lactose intolerance - +
Celiac disease - +
Functional Irritable bowel syndrome - - Abdominal pain or discomfort recurring at least 3 days per month in the past 3 months and associated with 2 or more of the following:
  • Onset associated with change in frequency of stool
  • Onset associated with change in appearance of stool

History of straining is also common

Clinical diagnosis 
Template:WikiDoc Sources

Differential diagnosis of abdominal pain

The differential diagnosis based on abdominal pain are as follows:

Classification of acute abdomen based

on etiology

Presentation Clinical findings Diagnosis Comments
Fever Rigors and Chills Abdominal Pain Jaundice Hypotension Guarding Rebound Tenderness Bowel sounds Lab Findings Imaging
Common causes of

Peritonitis

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis + Diffuse − − − − Hypoactive
  • Ascitic fluid PMN>250 cells/mm³
  • Culture: Positive for single organism
 Ultrasound for evaluation of liver cirrhosis -
Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcer + Diffuse − + + + N
  • Ascitic fluid
    • LDH > serum LDH
    • Glucose < 50mg/dl
    • Total protein > 1g/dl
 Air under diaphragm in upright CXR Upper GI endoscopy for diagnosis
Acute suppurative cholangitis + + RUQ + + + + ±
Acute cholangitis + − RUQ + − − − N Abnormal LFT Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation Biliary drainage (ERCP) + IV antibiotics
Acute cholecystitis + RUQ + − − Hypoactive Ultrasound shows gallstone and evidence of inflammation Murphy’s sign
Acute pancreatitis + Epigastric ± − − N Increased amylase / lipase Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Pain radiation to back
Acute appendicitis + RLQ − + + Hypoactive Leukocytosis Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation Nausea & vomiting, decreased appetite
Acute diverticulitis + LLQ ± + − Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation
Hollow Viscous Obstruction Small intestine obstruction − Diffuse − + ± Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis Abdominal X ray Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention
Gall stone disease/Cholelithiasis ± −
Volvulus - Diffuse - + - Hypoactive Leukocytosis CT scan and abdominal X ray Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention
Biliary colic - RUQ + - - N Increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase Ultrasound Nausea & vomiting
Renal colic - Flank pain - - - N Hematuria CT scan and ultrasound Colicky abdominal pain associated with nausea & vomiting
Vascular Disorders Ischemic causes Mesenteric ischemia ± Periumbilical - - - Hyperactive Leukocytosis and lactic acidosis CT scan Nausea & vomiting, normal physical examination
Acute ischemic colitis ± Diffuse - + + Hyperactive then absent Leukocytosis CT scan Nausea & vomiting
Hemorrhagic causes Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm - Diffuse - - - N Normal CT scan Unstable hemodynamics
Intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage - Diffuse - - - N Anemia CT scan History of trauma
Gynaecological Causes Fallopian tube Acute salpingitis + LLQ/ RLQ − ± ± N Leukocytosis Pelvic ultrasound Vaginal discharge
Ovarian cyst complications and endometrial disease Torsion of the cyst - RLQ / LLQ - ± ± N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset severe pain with nausea and vomiting
Endometriosis - RLQ/LLQ - +/- +/- N Normal Laproscopy Menstrual-associated symptoms, pelvic

symptoms

Cyst rupture - RLQ / LLQ - +/- +/- N Increased ESR and CRP Ultrasound Sudden onset severe pain with nausea and vomiting
Pregnancy Ruptured ectopic pregnancy - RLQ / LLQ - - - N Positive pregnancy test Ultrasound History of missed period and vaginal bleeding
Functional Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Diffuse - - - - N

Clinical diagnosis

-

The following is a list of diseases that present with acute onset severe lower abdominal pain:

Disease Findings
Ectopic pregnancy History of missed menses, positive pregnancy test, ultrasound reveals an empty uterus and may show a mass in the fallopian tubes.[11]
Appendicitis Pain localized to the right iliac fossa, vomiting, abdominal ultrasound sensitivity for diagnosis of acute appendicitis is 75% to 90%.[12]
Ruptured ovarian cyst Usually spontaneous, can follow history of trauma, mild chronic lower abdominal discomfort may suddenly intensify, ultrasound is diagnostic.[13]
Ovarian cyst torsion Presents with acute severe unilateral lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tender adnexal mass palpated in 90%, ultrasound is diagnostic.[14]
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Presents with localized abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Hypovolemic shock may be present, abdominal tenderness and guarding are physical exam findings, ultrasound is diagnostic.[14]
Endometriosis Presents with cyclic pain that is exacerbated by onset of menses, dyspareunia. laparoscopic exploration is diagnostic.[14]
Acute cystitis Presents with features of increased urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain.[15][16]

References

  1. ↑ Guagnozzi D, Arias Á, Lucendo AJ (2016). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic overlap of microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 43 (8): 851–862. doi:10.1111/apt.13573. PMID 26913568.
  2. ↑ Hilpüsch F, Johnsen PH, Goll R, Valle PC, Sørbye SW, Abelsen B (2017). "Microscopic colitis: a missed diagnosis among patients with moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 52 (2): 173–177. doi:10.1080/00365521.2016.1242025. PMID 27796144.
  3. ↑ SCOBIE BA, MCGILL DB, PRIESTLEY JT, ROVELSTAD RA (1964). "EXCLUDED GASTRIC ANTRUM SIMULATING THE ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME". Gastroenterology. 47: 184–7. PMID 14201408.
  4. ↑ Spiegel BM, DeRosa VP, Gralnek IM, Wang V, Dulai GS (2004). "Testing for celiac sprue in irritable bowel syndrome with predominant diarrhea: a cost-effectiveness analysis". Gastroenterology. 126 (7): 1721–32. PMID 15188167.
  5. ↑ Irvine AJ, Chey WD, Ford AC (2017). "Screening for Celiac Disease in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.466. PMID 27753436.
  6. ↑ van Rheenen PF, Van de Vijver E, Fidler V (2010). "Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis". BMJ. 341: c3369. PMC 2904879. PMID 20634346.
  7. ↑ Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD (2015). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 42 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1111/apt.13227. PMID 25913530.
  8. ↑ Canavan C, Card T, West J (2014). "The incidence of other gastroenterological disease following diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in the UK: a cohort study". PLoS ONE. 9 (9): e106478. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106478. PMC 4169512. PMID 25238408.
  9. ↑ Ford AC, Chey WD, Talley NJ, Malhotra A, Spiegel BM, Moayyedi P (2009). "Yield of diagnostic tests for celiac disease in individuals with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis". Arch. Intern. Med. 169 (7): 651–8. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.22. PMID 19364994.
  10. ↑ Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P (2009). "Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis". Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7 (12): 1279–86. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.031. PMID 19602448.
  11. ↑ Morin L, Cargill YM, Glanc P (2016). "Ultrasound Evaluation of First Trimester Complications of Pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 38 (10): 982–988. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2016.06.001. PMID 27720100.
  12. ↑ Balthazar EJ, Birnbaum BA, Yee J, Megibow AJ, Roshkow J, Gray C (1994). "Acute appendicitis: CT and US correlation in 100 patients". Radiology. 190 (1): 31–5. doi:10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259423. PMID 8259423.
  13. ↑ Bottomley C, Bourne T (2009). "Diagnosis and management of ovarian cyst accidents". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 23 (5): 711–24. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.02.001. PMID 19299205.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, Shorma T (2016). "Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain". Am Fam Physician. 93 (1): 41–8. PMID 26760839.
  15. ↑ {{Cite journal | author = W. E. Stamm | title = Etiology and management of the acute urethral syndrome | journal = Sexually transmitted diseases | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 235–238 | year = 1981 | month = July-September | pmid = 7292216
  16. ↑ {{Cite journal | author = W. E. Stamm, K. F. Wagner, R. Amsel, E. R. Alexander, M. Turck, G. W. Counts & K. K. Holmes | title = Causes of the acute urethral syndrome in women | journal = The New England journal of medicine | volume = 303 | issue = 8 | pages = 409–415 | year = 1980 | month = August | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198008213030801 | pmid = 6993946

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