Pulmonary edema natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Some patients may need to use a breathing machine for a long time, which may lead to damage to lung tissue.Kidney failure and damage to other major organs may occur if blood and oxygen flow are not restored promptly. If not treated, this condition can be fatal. If left untreated, acute pulmonary edema can lead to coma and even death, generally due to its main complication of hypoxia.

Complications

Common complications of pulmonary edema include:

• Respiratory arrest

• Leg swelling(edema)
• Abdominal swelling(ascites)
• Pleural effusion
• Congestion of liver
• Myocardial infarction [MI]
• Cardiogenic shock
• Arrhythmias
• Electrolyte disturbances
• Mesenteric insufficiency
• Protein enteropathy
• Death

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with acute pulmonary edema depends on the:

• Underlying cause
• The patient's age
• Comorbidities
• The speed of diagnosis
• Initiation of effective treatment

The following features are associated with a worse outcome:

• Advanced Age
• Wide QRS
• Hyponatraemia
• Low Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
• Hypotension
• Precipitated by ischaemia
• Previous hospitalisation for heart failure
• Marked BNP elevation
• Elevated troponin