Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Complications

The complications of APS are described in a systemic order which are as follows:

Thrombotic complications:

Neurological complications:

Following complications are seen on neurological exam:

• Stroke
• Transient ischemic attack

Preganancy related complications:

Pulmonary complications:

Hematological complications:

Cardiac involvement:

Cutaneous complications:

Renal disease:

Adrenal involvement:

Ocular manifestations:

Gastrointestinal complications:

Ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract leads to the following complications:

•  Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Abdominal pain
• Esophageal necrosis with perforation
• Duodenal ulcer

Prognosis

The prognosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is as follows:

• It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.
• The mean age of death is 59 years.
• Main causes of death in the order of percentage include the following:
  • Thrombosis (31%)
  • Sepsis (27%)
  • Malignancy (14%)
  • Hemorrhage (11%)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus involvement (8%)
  • Catastrophic APS