Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis

Antiphospholipid syndrome Microchapters
Home
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Antiphospholipid syndrome from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Chest X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Case Studies
Case #1
Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis
CDC on Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis
Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis in the news
Blogs on Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis
Directions to Hospitals Treating Antiphospholipid syndrome
Risk calculators and risk factors for Antiphospholipid syndrome natural history, complications and prognosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Complications

The complications of APS are described in a systemic order which are as follows:

Thrombotic complications:

Thrombotic events are the hallmark of APS. They are as follows:

Neurological complications:

Following complications are seen on neurological exam:

• Stroke
• Transient ischemic attack

Preganancy related complications:

Pulmonary complications:

Hematological complications:

Cardiac involvement:

Cutaneous complications:

Renal disease:

Adrenal involvement:

• Hemorrhagic infarction of the adrenals

Ocular manifestations:

The ocular manifestations are the following:

• Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
• Amaurosis fugax
• Retinal venous occlusion

Gastrointestinal complications:

Ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract leads to the following complications:

•  Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Abdominal pain
• Esophageal necrosis with perforation
• Duodenal ulcer

Prognosis

The prognosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is as follows:

• It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.
• The mean age of death is 59 years.
• Main causes of death in the order of percentage include the following:
  • Thrombosis (31%)
  • Sepsis (27%)
  • Malignancy (14%)
  • Hemorrhage (11%)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus involvement (8%)
  • Catastrophic APS