Antiphospholipid syndrome physical examination: Difference between revisions
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===Cutaneous manifestations=== | ===Cutaneous manifestations=== | ||
Skin examination of patients with APS is usually positive for: | Skin examination of patients with APS is usually positive for: | ||
*Venous thromboembolism | *[[Venous thromboembolism]] | ||
*Livedo reticularis | *[[Livedoid vasculitis|Livedo reticularis]] | ||
*Purpura | *[[Purpura]] | ||
*Superficial thrombophelibitis | *Superficial thrombophelibitis | ||
*Leg ulcers | *Leg ulcers | ||
*Splinter hemorrhages | *[[Splinter hemorrhage|Splinter]] [[Bleeding|hemorrhages]] | ||
*Gangrene of the distal extremities | *[[Gangrene]] of the distal extremities | ||
*Leg swelling | *Leg swelling | ||
===HEENT=== | ===HEENT=== | ||
Abnormal fundoscopic examination findings: | Abnormal fundoscopic examination findings: | ||
*Retinal artery occlusion findings | *[[Retinal]] artery occlusion findings | ||
*Retinal vein thrombosis findings | *Retinal vein [[thrombosis]] findings | ||
===Neck=== | ===Neck=== | ||
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===Lungs=== | ===Lungs=== | ||
Pulmonary examination of patients with APS may show the following findings: | Pulmonary examination of patients with APS may show the following findings: | ||
*Tachypnea in case of pulmonary embolism. | *[[Tachypnea]] in case of pulmonary embolism. | ||
===Heart=== | ===Heart=== | ||
* Cardiovascular examination of patients with APS shows findings consistent with | * Cardiovascular examination of patients with APS shows findings consistent with | ||
* Heart valve disease | * Heart valve disease | ||
* Pericarditis | * [[Pericarditis]] | ||
===Abdomen=== | ===Abdomen=== | ||
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===Neuromuscular=== | ===Neuromuscular=== | ||
* Neurological exam findings consistent with stroke or transient ischemic attack. | * Neurological exam findings consistent with [[stroke]] or [[Transient ischemic attack|transient]] ischemic attack. | ||
* Migraine | * [[Migraine]] | ||
* Vascular dementia | * [[Multi-infarct dementia|Vascular dementia]] | ||
* Pre-eclampsia or eclampsia | * [[Pre-eclampsia]] or [[eclampsia]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:31, 17 April 2018
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Antiphospholipid syndrome Microchapters |
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Differentiating Antiphospholipid syndrome from other Diseases |
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Antiphospholipid syndrome physical examination On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Antiphospholipid syndrome physical examination |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Antiphospholipid syndrome physical examination |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]
Overview
Physical examination shows no pathognomonic physical findings of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS); however, abnormal features may be found on examination that are related to infarction or ischemia of the skin, viscera, or the central nervous system leading to cutaneous and neurological manifestations.
Physical Examination
Physical examination shows no pathognomonic physical findings of APS; however, abnormal features may be found on examination that are related to infarction or ischemia of the skin, viscera, or the central nervous system leading to cutaneous and neurological manifestations.
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with APS usually appear normal.
Vital Signs
- Low-grade fever may be present in case of infectious cause of APS.
Cutaneous manifestations
Skin examination of patients with APS is usually positive for:
- Venous thromboembolism
- Livedo reticularis
- Purpura
- Superficial thrombophelibitis
- Leg ulcers
- Splinter hemorrhages
- Gangrene of the distal extremities
- Leg swelling
HEENT
Abnormal fundoscopic examination findings:
- Retinal artery occlusion findings
- Retinal vein thrombosis findings
Neck
- Neck examination of patients with APS can show lymphadenopathy.
Lungs
Pulmonary examination of patients with APS may show the following findings:
- Tachypnea in case of pulmonary embolism.
Heart
- Cardiovascular examination of patients with APS shows findings consistent with
- Heart valve disease
- Pericarditis
Abdomen
- Abdominal tenderness in the lower abdominal quadrant in case of miscarriage or fetal loss.
- Rebound tenderness
- Guarding may be present
Back
- Back examination of patients with APS is usually normal.
Genitourinary
- Genitourinary examination of patients with APS is usually normal.
Neuromuscular
- Neurological exam findings consistent with stroke or transient ischemic attack.
- Migraine
- Vascular dementia
- Pre-eclampsia or eclampsia