Glomerular disease

This page contains general information about Glomerular disease. For more information on specific types, please visit the pages on hematuria, proteinuria, minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and Microscopic polyangiitis.

Glomerular disease
Acute Glomerulonephritis: Micro H&E high mag; an excellent example of acute exudative glomerulonephritis. Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

Glomerular disease Main page
Glomerular disease patient information
Overview
Classification 1- Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis 2- Renal disease due to Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis, or cardiac shunt 3- Lupus nephritis 4- Goodpasture syndrome 5- IgA nephropathy 6- Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's) 7- Microscopic Polyangiitis 8- Churg-Strauss Syndrome 9- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis 10- Henoch-Schönlein purpura 11- Cryoglobulinemia 12- Minimal change disease 13- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 14- Membranous glomerulonephritis 15- Diabetic Nephropathy 16- Glomerular deposition disease 17- Alport's Syndrome 18- Thin Basement Membrane Disease 19- Nail-Patella Syndrome 20- Hypertensive nephrosclerosis 21- Cholesterol Emboli 22- Sickle Cell Disease 23- Thrombotic Microangiopathies 24- Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Prevention

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mehrian Jafarizade, M.D [2], Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]

Overview

Glomerular disease is a condition that affects the glomerulus. It consists of different diseases with different clinical courses and treatment options. Glomerular disease can be isolated hematuria, isolated proteinuria; acute or chronic glomerulonephritis, and nephrotic or nephritic features of glomerulonephritis. The end stage of all of these diseases will be glomerulosclerosi swhich is characterized by fibrosis of the glomerulus, and end-stage renal disease.

Classification

Glomerular diseases can be classified by their presentation as below:

Acute nephritic syndromes

Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Lupus Nephritis

Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease

IgA Nephropathy

ANCA Small-Vessel Vasculitis

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener's)

Microscopic Polyangiitis

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Nephrotic syndrome

Minimal Change Disease

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

Diabetic Nephropathy

Glomerular Deposition Diseases

Light Chain Deposition Disease

Renal Amyloidosis

Fibrillary-Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy

Fabry's Disease

Pulmonary-Renal Syndromes:

Goodpasture's syndrome

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)

microscopic polyangiitis

Churg-Strauss vasculitis

Henoch-Schönlein purpura

cryoglobulinemia

Basement Membrane Syndromes

Anti-GBM Disease

Alport's Syndrome

Thin Basement Membrane Disease

Nail-Patella Syndrome

Glomerular-Vascular Syndromes

Atherosclerotic Nephropathy

Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

Cholesterol Emboli

Sickle Cell Disease

Thrombotic Microangiopathies

Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome 

Infectious Disease–Associated Syndromes

Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Hepatitis B and C

Other Viruses

Syphilis

Leprosy

Malaria

Schistosomiasis

Other Parasites

Glomerular hematuria:

1- Isolated hematuria

2- Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome)

Glomerulonephritis which is inflammation of the glomeruli can be classified based on pathogenic type into three subtypes:

• Immune complex glomerulonephritis: Granular deposit of immune complex.
  1. Infection mediated types
  2. Autoimmune types, eg SLE
  3. MPGN
  4. IgA nephropathy (Berger nephropathy)
  5. Membranous nephropathy

• Anti-GBM disease: Linear deposit
  1. Goodpasture syndrome (renal and lung involvement)
  2. Renal involvement alone
  3. Lung involvement alone

• ANCA associated, small vessels vasculitis: Few or no deposit
  1. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis)
  2. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)
  3. Microscopic polyangiitis

Glomerulonephritis (nephritic syndrome) also may be classified based on disease course into acute or chronic nephritic syndrome; primary vs secondary causes; or systemic vs renal limited disease. For more information about nephritic syndrome classifications click here.

Proteinuria:

1-Isolated non-nephrotic proteinuria 

2- Nephrotic syndrome

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Pathophysiology

Microscopic Pathology

Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

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  Glomerulonephritis: Micro H&E med mag; an excellent example of AGN with many neutrophils

• 

  Acute Glomerulonephritis: Micro H&E high mag; an excellent example of acute exudative glomerulonephritis.

Glomerulonephritis Videos

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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Chronic glomerulonephritis

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Images

Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

• 

  This is a low-power photomicrograph of a saggital section of end stage chronic glomerulonephritis (GN). Note the marked thinning of the cortex (arrow).

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  This is a higher-power photomicrograph of hyalinized glomeruli (arrows) and glomeruli with thick basement membranes.

• 

  This is a higher-power photomicrograph of hyalinized glomeruli (1) and glomeruli with thickened basement membranes (2).

• 

  This is a photomicrograph of interstitial and vascular lesions in end stage renal disease.

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  This is an immunofluorescent photomicrograph of granular membranous immunofluorescence (immune complex disease). The antibody used for these studies was specific for IgG.

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  This is an electron micrograph of subepithelial granular electron dense deposits (arrows) which correspond to the granular immunofluorescence seen in the previous image.

• 

  This is a photomicrograph of a glomerulus from another case with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In this case the immune complex glomerular disease is ongoing with necrosis and accumulation of neutrophils in the glomerulus.

• 

  This immunofluorescent photomicrograph of a glomerulus from a case of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis shows a granular immunofluorescence pattern consistent with immune complex disease. The primary antibody used for this staining was specific for IgG; however antibodies for complement would show a similar pattern.

• 

  This electron micrograph demonstrates scattered subepithelial dense deposits (arrows) and a polymorphonuclear leukocyte in the lumen.

• 

  For comparison this is an immunofluorescent photomicrograph of a glomerulus from a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. The linear (arrows) immunofluorescence is characteristic of Goodpasture's syndrome.

Images:

• Crescentic GN

• Chronic GN

Differential Diagnosis

Glomerular diseases	Sub-entity	Causes and associations	History and Symtoms							Laboratory Findings
										Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia	Nephrotic features	Nephritic features	ANCA	Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (Anti-GBM antibody)	Immune complex formation	Light microscope	Electron microscope	Immunoflourescence pattern
			History	Pitting edema	Hemeturia (pre-dominantly microscopic)	Hypertension	Hemoptysis	Oliguria	Peri-orbital edema
Acute Nephritic Syndromes	Minimal change disease	Idiopathic Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (glomerular epithelial protein 1- GLEPP1)	Young children Recent infection and immunization Atopy Hodgkin lymphoma Thrombosis (due to urinary loss of antithrombin-III)	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Normal	Fusion of podocytes	-
	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	Idiopathic HIV Heroine use Sickle cell disease Interferon Severe obesity Mixed cryoglobulinemia (Hepatitis C)	Adults	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Focal (some glomeruli) and segmental (only part of glomerulus)	Effacement of podocytes	-
	Membranous glomerulonephritis	Idiopathic Hepatitis B and C Solid tumors Systemic lupus erythematosus Drugs (NSAIDS, pencilamine, gold, captopril)		+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	Thick glomerular basement membrane	Sub-epithelial immune complex depositis with 'spike and dome' appearance	-
Nephrotic Syndrome	IgA nephropathy	Idiopathic Viral infections	Young children History of mucosal infections (e.g. gastroenteritis) and upper respiratory tract infection 2-3 days after infection (synpharyngitic)	+/-	+	+	-	+	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	+	Crescent formation	Mesangial proliferation	-
	Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis	Goodpasture syndrome	Young adults	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with absence of sub-epithelial and sub-endothelial deposits	+ (Linear)
		Post infectious glomerulonephritis	Streptococcal skin infections Streptococcal pharyngitis 2-3 weeks after infection	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli	Sub-epithelial immune complex deposits	+ (Granular)
		Granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegner's granulomatosis)	Necrotizing granulomas (Nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys) Conjunctivitis Ulceration of the cornea Episcleritis Peripheral neuropathy	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (C-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	+/-
		Churg Strauss syndrome	Necrotizing granulomas (Lungs and kidneys) Asthma Peripheral neuropathy	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (C-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	-
		Microscopic polyangiitis	Necrotizing vasculitis (no granuloma)	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (P-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	-
	Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis	Idiopathic Hepatitis B and C (Type 1) C3 nepritic factor (Type2)	Hematuria Oliguria Periorbital edema Hypertension	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	Thick glomerular basement membrane (Tram-track appearance)	Mesangial proliferation and leukocyte infiltration	+ (Granular)

Glomerulonephritis may be proliferative or non-proliferative and may be associated with nephrotic or nephritic features. The various types of glomerulonephritides should be differentiated from each other based on associations, presence of pitting edema, hemeturia, hypertension, hemoptysis, oliguria, peri-orbital edema, hyperlipidemia, type of antibodies, light and electron microscopic features. The following table differentiates between various types of glomerulonephritides:

Glomerulonephritis	Sub-entity	Causes and associations	History and Symtoms							Laboratory Findings
										Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia	Nephrotic features	Nephritic features	ANCA	Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (Anti-GBM antibody)	Immune complex formation	Light microscope	Electron microscope	Immunoflourescence pattern
			History	Pitting edema	Hemeturia (pre-dominantly microscopic)	Hypertension	Hemoptysis	Oliguria	Peri-orbital edema
Non-proliferative	Minimal change disease	Idiopathic Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (glomerular epithelial protein 1- GLEPP1)	Young children Recent infection and immunization Atopy Hodgkin lymphoma Thrombosis (due to urinary loss of antithrombin-III)	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Normal	Fusion of podocytes	-
	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	Idiopathic HIV Heroine use Sickle cell disease Interferon Severe obesity Mixed cryoglobulinemia (Hepatitis C)	Adults	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	Focal (some glomeruli) and segmental (only part of glomerulus)	Effacement of podocytes	-
	Membranous glomerulonephritis	Idiopathic Hepatitis B and C Solid tumors Systemic lupus erythematosus Drugs (NSAIDS, pencilamine, gold, captopril)		+	-	-	-	+/-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	Thick glomerular basement membrane	Sub-epithelial immune complex depositis with 'spike and dome' appearance	-
Proliferative	IgA nephropathy	Idiopathic Viral infections	Young children History of mucosal infections (e.g. gastroenteritis) and upper respiratory tract infection 2-3 days after infection (synpharyngitic)	+/-	+	+	-	+	+/-	-	-	+	-	-	+	Crescent formation	Mesangial proliferation	-
	Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis	Goodpasture syndrome	Young adults	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular basement membrane with absence of sub-epithelial and sub-endothelial deposits	+ (Linear)
		Post infectious glomerulonephritis	Streptococcal skin infections Streptococcal pharyngitis 2-3 weeks after infection	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli	Sub-epithelial immune complex deposits	+ (Granular)
		Granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegner's granulomatosis)	Necrotizing granulomas (Nasopharynx, lungs, kidneys) Conjunctivitis Ulceration of the cornea Episcleritis Peripheral neuropathy	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (C-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	+/-
		Churg Strauss syndrome	Necrotizing granulomas (Lungs and kidneys) Asthma Peripheral neuropathy	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (C-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	-
		Microscopic polyangiitis	Necrotizing vasculitis (no granuloma)	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+ (P-ANCA)	-	-	Hypercellular and inflamed glomeruli (Crescent formation)	- (pauci-immune)	-
	Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis	Idiopathic Hepatitis B and C (Type 1) C3 nepritic factor (Type2)	Hematuria Oliguria Periorbital edema Hypertension	+/-	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	Thick glomerular basement membrane (Tram-track appearance)	Mesangial proliferation and leukocyte infiltration	+ (Granular)

References

Related Chapters

• Nephritic syndrome
• Nephritis