Epidural hematoma pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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===Pathogenesis=== | ===Pathogenesis=== | ||
* Epidural hematoma is the result of the bleeding within the epidural space, which lies between dura mater and skull bone.<ref name="pmid22325415">{{cite journal| author=Scheibl A, Calderón EM, Borau MJ, Prieto RM, González PF, Galiana GG| title=Epidural hematoma. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 47 | issue= 2 | pages= e19-21 | pmid=22325415 | doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.078 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22325415 }} </ref> | * Epidural hematoma is the result of the bleeding within the epidural space, which lies between dura mater and skull bone.<ref name="pmid22325415">{{cite journal| author=Scheibl A, Calderón EM, Borau MJ, Prieto RM, González PF, Galiana GG| title=Epidural hematoma. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 47 | issue= 2 | pages= e19-21 | pmid=22325415 | doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.078 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22325415 }} </ref> | ||
* The main cause of epidural hematoma is typically head injury that results in a break of the temporal bone and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery in the epidural space.<ref name="pmid27766029">{{cite journal| author=Yu J, Guo Y, Xu B, Xu K| title=Clinical importance of the middle meningeal artery: A review of the literature. | journal=Int J Med Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 790-799 | pmid=27766029 | doi=10.7150/ijms.16489 | pmc=5069415 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27766029 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17639868">{{cite journal| author=Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y| title=Clinical features of temporal tip epidural hematomas. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 2007 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 18-20 | pmid=17639868 | doi=10.3171/JNS-07/07/0018 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17639868 }} </ref> | * The main cause of epidural hematoma is typically head injury that results in a break of the temporal bone and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery in the epidural space.<ref name="pmid27766029">{{cite journal| author=Yu J, Guo Y, Xu B, Xu K| title=Clinical importance of the middle meningeal artery: A review of the literature. | journal=Int J Med Sci | year= 2016 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 790-799 | pmid=27766029 | doi=10.7150/ijms.16489 | pmc=5069415 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27766029 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17639868">{{cite journal| author=Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y| title=Clinical features of temporal tip epidural hematomas. | journal=J Neurosurg | year= 2007 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 18-20 | pmid=17639868 | doi=10.3171/JNS-07/07/0018 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17639868 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26567227">{{cite journal| author=Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG| title=Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature. | journal=Am J Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 811-7 | pmid=26567227 | doi= | pmc=4652627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26567227 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15686177">{{cite journal| author=Mitsuyama T, Ide M, Kawamura H| title=Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup head injury--case report. | journal=Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 11 | pages= 584-6 | pmid=15686177 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15686177 }} </ref> | ||
* Because the bleeding is caused by arterial rupture, it has a high tendency to progress and it causes a hematoa in epidural space. | * Because the bleeding is caused by arterial rupture, it has a high tendency to progress and it causes a hematoa in epidural space. | ||
* Progression of bleeding may expand the hematoma and cause increasing of the intracranial pressure and it may lead to brain herniation.<ref name="pmid23320175">{{cite journal| author=Chen H, Guo Y, Chen SW, Wang G, Cao HL, Chen J et al.| title=Progressive epidural hematoma in patients with head trauma: incidence, outcome, and risk factors. | journal=Emerg Med Int | year= 2012 | volume= 2012 | issue= | pages= 134905 | pmid=23320175 | doi=10.1155/2012/134905 | pmc=3536037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23320175 }} </ref> | * Progression of bleeding may expand the hematoma and cause increasing of the intracranial pressure and it may lead to brain herniation.<ref name="pmid23320175">{{cite journal| author=Chen H, Guo Y, Chen SW, Wang G, Cao HL, Chen J et al.| title=Progressive epidural hematoma in patients with head trauma: incidence, outcome, and risk factors. | journal=Emerg Med Int | year= 2012 | volume= 2012 | issue= | pages= 134905 | pmid=23320175 | doi=10.1155/2012/134905 | pmc=3536037 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23320175 }} </ref> | ||
* Occasionally epidural hematoma may occur as a result of a bleeding disorder or blood vessel malformation or after CNS surgery or lumbar acupunctures or Spinal injections and sometimes is may occur spontaneously.<ref name="pmid20221963">{{cite journal| author=Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE| title=Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children. | journal=Neuropediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=20221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1248247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20221963 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23812629">{{cite journal| author=Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K| title=Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. | journal=Childs Nerv Syst | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1985-91 | pmid=23812629 | doi=10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23812629 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21165315">{{cite journal| author=Kim B, Moon SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee HM| title=Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma after En Block Spondylectomy for Vertebral Ewing's Sarcoma. | journal=Asian Spine J | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-22 | pmid=21165315 | doi=10.4184/asj.2010.4.2.118 | pmc=2996623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21165315 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9226976">{{cite journal| author=Chen CY, Liu GC, Sheu RS, Huang CL| title=Bacterial meningitis and lumbar epidural hematoma due to lumbar acupunctures: a case report. | journal=Kaohsiung J Med Sci | year= 1997 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 328-31 | pmid=9226976 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9226976 }} </ref> | * Occasionally epidural hematoma may occur as a result of a bleeding disorder or blood vessel malformation or after CNS surgery or lumbar acupunctures or Spinal injections and sometimes is may occur spontaneously.<ref name="pmid20221963">{{cite journal| author=Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE| title=Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children. | journal=Neuropediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=20221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1248247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20221963 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23812629">{{cite journal| author=Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K| title=Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. | journal=Childs Nerv Syst | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1985-91 | pmid=23812629 | doi=10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23812629 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21165315">{{cite journal| author=Kim B, Moon SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee HM| title=Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma after En Block Spondylectomy for Vertebral Ewing's Sarcoma. | journal=Asian Spine J | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-22 | pmid=21165315 | doi=10.4184/asj.2010.4.2.118 | pmc=2996623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21165315 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9226976">{{cite journal| author=Chen CY, Liu GC, Sheu RS, Huang CL| title=Bacterial meningitis and lumbar epidural hematoma due to lumbar acupunctures: a case report. | journal=Kaohsiung J Med Sci | year= 1997 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 328-31 | pmid=9226976 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9226976 }} </ref> | ||
==Associated Conditions== | ==Associated Conditions== | ||
*Head trauma | *Head trauma<ref name="pmid15686177">{{cite journal| author=Mitsuyama T, Ide M, Kawamura H| title=Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup head injury--case report. | journal=Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 11 | pages= 584-6 | pmid=15686177 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15686177 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26567227">{{cite journal| author=Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG| title=Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature. | journal=Am J Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 811-7 | pmid=26567227 | doi= | pmc=4652627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26567227 }} </ref> | ||
*bleeding disorders<ref name="pmid20221963">{{cite journal| author=Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE| title=Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children. | journal=Neuropediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=20221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1248247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20221963 }} </ref> | *bleeding disorders<ref name="pmid20221963">{{cite journal| author=Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE| title=Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children. | journal=Neuropediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=20221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1248247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20221963 }} </ref> | ||
*Blood vessel malformation<ref name="pmid23812629">{{cite journal| author=Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K| title=Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. | journal=Childs Nerv Syst | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1985-91 | pmid=23812629 | doi=10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23812629 }} </ref> | *Blood vessel malformation<ref name="pmid23812629">{{cite journal| author=Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K| title=Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. | journal=Childs Nerv Syst | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1985-91 | pmid=23812629 | doi=10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23812629 }} </ref> | ||
Revision as of 15:36, 30 May 2018
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Epidural hematoma Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Epidural hematoma pathophysiology On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Epidural hematoma pathophysiology |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Epidural hematoma pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
- Epidural hematoma is the result of the bleeding within the epidural space, which lies between dura mater and skull bone.[1]
- The main cause of epidural hematoma is typically head injury that results in a break of the temporal bone and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery in the epidural space.[2][3][4][5]
- Because the bleeding is caused by arterial rupture, it has a high tendency to progress and it causes a hematoa in epidural space.
- Progression of bleeding may expand the hematoma and cause increasing of the intracranial pressure and it may lead to brain herniation.[6]
- Occasionally epidural hematoma may occur as a result of a bleeding disorder or blood vessel malformation or after CNS surgery or lumbar acupunctures or Spinal injections and sometimes is may occur spontaneously.[7][8][9][10]
Associated Conditions
- Head trauma[5][4]
- bleeding disorders[7]
- Blood vessel malformation[8]
- CNS surgery[9]
- Sickle Cell Anemia[11][12]
- Kummell's disease[13]
- dengue virus infection[14]
- Lumbar acupunctures[10]
- Spinal injections[15][16]
Gross Pathology
- On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
Microscopic Pathology
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
|
Epidural hematoma Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Epidural hematoma pathophysiology On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Epidural hematoma pathophysiology |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Epidural hematoma pathophysiology |
Overview
References
- ↑ Scheibl A, Calderón EM, Borau MJ, Prieto RM, González PF, Galiana GG (2012). "Epidural hematoma". J Pediatr Surg. 47 (2): e19–21. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.10.078. PMID 22325415.
- ↑ Yu J, Guo Y, Xu B, Xu K (2016). "Clinical importance of the middle meningeal artery: A review of the literature". Int J Med Sci. 13 (10): 790–799. doi:10.7150/ijms.16489. PMC 5069415. PMID 27766029.
- ↑ Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2007). "Clinical features of temporal tip epidural hematomas". J Neurosurg. 107 (1): 18–20. doi:10.3171/JNS-07/07/0018. PMID 17639868.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG (2015). "Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature". Am J Case Rep. 16: 811–7. PMC 4652627. PMID 26567227.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mitsuyama T, Ide M, Kawamura H (2004). "Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup head injury--case report". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 44 (11): 584–6. PMID 15686177.
- ↑ Chen H, Guo Y, Chen SW, Wang G, Cao HL, Chen J; et al. (2012). "Progressive epidural hematoma in patients with head trauma: incidence, outcome, and risk factors". Emerg Med Int. 2012: 134905. doi:10.1155/2012/134905. PMC 3536037. PMID 23320175.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE (2009). "Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children". Neuropediatrics. 40 (5): 245–8. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248247. PMID 20221963.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K (2013). "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update". Childs Nerv Syst. 29 (11): 1985–91. doi:10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5. PMID 23812629.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kim B, Moon SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee HM (2010). "Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma after En Block Spondylectomy for Vertebral Ewing's Sarcoma". Asian Spine J. 4 (2): 118–22. doi:10.4184/asj.2010.4.2.118. PMC 2996623. PMID 21165315.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chen CY, Liu GC, Sheu RS, Huang CL (1997). "Bacterial meningitis and lumbar epidural hematoma due to lumbar acupunctures: a case report". Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 13 (5): 328–31. PMID 9226976.
- ↑ Babatola BO, Salman YA, Abiola AM, Okezie KO, Oladele AS (2012). "Spontaneous epidural haematoma in sickle cell anaemia: case report and literature review". J Surg Tech Case Rep. 4 (2): 135–7. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.110271. PMC 3673360. PMID 23741596.
- ↑ Yogarajah M, Agu CC, Sivasambu B, Mittler MA (2015). "HbSC Disease and Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma with Kernohan's Notch Phenomena". Case Rep Hematol. 2015: 470873. doi:10.1155/2015/470873. PMC 4631867. PMID 26576305.
- ↑ Kim HS, Lee SK, Kim SW, Shin H (2011). "Chronic Spinal Epidural Hematoma Related to Kummell's Disease". J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 49 (4): 231–3. doi:10.3340/jkns.2011.49.4.231. PMC 3098428. PMID 21607183.
- ↑ Fong CY, Hlaing CS, Tay CG, Kadir KA, Goh KJ, Ong LC (2016). "Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis with cervical epidural haematoma following dengue virus infection". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 20 (3): 449–53. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.01.012. PMID 26900103.
- ↑ Rosen DA, Hawkinberry DW, Rosen KR, Gustafson RA, Hogg JP, Broadman LM (2004). "An epidural hematoma in an adolescent patient after cardiac surgery". Anesth Analg. 98 (4): 966–9, table of contents. PMID 15041581.
- ↑ Bang J, Kim JU, Lee YM, Joh J, An EH, Lee JY; et al. (2011). "Spinal epidural hematoma related to an epidural catheter in a cardiac surgery patient -A case report-". Korean J Anesthesiol. 61 (6): 524–7. doi:10.4097/kjae.2011.61.6.524. PMC 3249578. PMID 22220233.