Epidural hematoma causes: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MMJ}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{MMJ}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Disease name] may be caused by [ | Disease name] may be caused by [[Head trauma]], [[Bleeding disorders]], blood vessel [[malformation]], [[CNS]] surgery, [[Dengue virus|dengue virus infection]], [[Lumbar]] [[acupuncture]]<nowiki/>s, spinal injections, [[Metastatic cancer]], [[Sickle Cell Anemia]] and [[Kummell disease|kummell's disease]]. | ||
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===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
Common causes of epidural hematoma include: | |||
*[[Head trauma]]<ref name="pmid15686177">{{cite journal| author=Mitsuyama T, Ide M, Kawamura H| title=Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup head injury--case report. | journal=Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 11 | pages= 584-6 | pmid=15686177 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15686177 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26567227">{{cite journal| author=Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG| title=Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature. | journal=Am J Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 811-7 | pmid=26567227 | doi= | pmc=4652627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26567227 }} </ref> | *[[Head trauma]]<ref name="pmid15686177">{{cite journal| author=Mitsuyama T, Ide M, Kawamura H| title=Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup head injury--case report. | journal=Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | year= 2004 | volume= 44 | issue= 11 | pages= 584-6 | pmid=15686177 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15686177 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26567227">{{cite journal| author=Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG| title=Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature. | journal=Am J Case Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 16 | issue= | pages= 811-7 | pmid=26567227 | doi= | pmc=4652627 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26567227 }} </ref> | ||
*Spinal [[trauma]] | |||
*[[Bleeding disorders]]<ref name="pmid20221963">{{cite journal| author=Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE| title=Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children. | journal=Neuropediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=20221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1248247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20221963 }} </ref> | *[[Bleeding disorders]]<ref name="pmid20221963">{{cite journal| author=Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE| title=Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children. | journal=Neuropediatrics | year= 2009 | volume= 40 | issue= 5 | pages= 245-8 | pmid=20221963 | doi=10.1055/s-0030-1248247 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20221963 }} </ref> | ||
*Blood vessel [[malformation]]<ref name="pmid23812629">{{cite journal| author=Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K| title=Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. | journal=Childs Nerv Syst | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1985-91 | pmid=23812629 | doi=10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23812629 }} </ref> | *Blood vessel [[malformation]]<ref name="pmid23812629">{{cite journal| author=Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K| title=Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update. | journal=Childs Nerv Syst | year= 2013 | volume= 29 | issue= 11 | pages= 1985-91 | pmid=23812629 | doi=10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23812629 }} </ref> | ||
*[[CNS]] surgery<ref name="pmid21165315">{{cite journal| author=Kim B, Moon SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee HM| title=Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma after En Block Spondylectomy for Vertebral Ewing's Sarcoma. | journal=Asian Spine J | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-22 | pmid=21165315 | doi=10.4184/asj.2010.4.2.118 | pmc=2996623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21165315 }} </ref> | *[[CNS]] surgery<ref name="pmid21165315">{{cite journal| author=Kim B, Moon SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee HM| title=Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma after En Block Spondylectomy for Vertebral Ewing's Sarcoma. | journal=Asian Spine J | year= 2010 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 118-22 | pmid=21165315 | doi=10.4184/asj.2010.4.2.118 | pmc=2996623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21165315 }} </ref> | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | |||
Less common causes of epidural hematoma include: | |||
*[[Dengue virus|Dengue virus infection]]<ref name="pmid26900103">{{cite journal| author=Fong CY, Hlaing CS, Tay CG, Kadir KA, Goh KJ, Ong LC| title=Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis with cervical epidural haematoma following dengue virus infection. | journal=Eur J Paediatr Neurol | year= 2016 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 449-53 | pmid=26900103 | doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.01.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26900103 }} </ref> | *[[Dengue virus|Dengue virus infection]]<ref name="pmid26900103">{{cite journal| author=Fong CY, Hlaing CS, Tay CG, Kadir KA, Goh KJ, Ong LC| title=Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis with cervical epidural haematoma following dengue virus infection. | journal=Eur J Paediatr Neurol | year= 2016 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 449-53 | pmid=26900103 | doi=10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.01.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26900103 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Lumbar]] [[acupuncture]]<nowiki/>s<ref name="pmid9226976">{{cite journal| author=Chen CY, Liu GC, Sheu RS, Huang CL| title=Bacterial meningitis and lumbar epidural hematoma due to lumbar acupunctures: a case report. | journal=Kaohsiung J Med Sci | year= 1997 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 328-31 | pmid=9226976 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9226976 }} </ref> | *[[Lumbar]] [[acupuncture]]<nowiki/>s<ref name="pmid9226976">{{cite journal| author=Chen CY, Liu GC, Sheu RS, Huang CL| title=Bacterial meningitis and lumbar epidural hematoma due to lumbar acupunctures: a case report. | journal=Kaohsiung J Med Sci | year= 1997 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 328-31 | pmid=9226976 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9226976 }} </ref> | ||
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*[[Metastatic cancer]]<ref name="pmid9952124">{{cite journal| author=Simmons NE, Elias WJ, Henson SL, Laws ER| title=Small cell lung carcinoma causing epidural hematoma: case report. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 51 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-9 | pmid=9952124 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9952124 }} </ref> | *[[Metastatic cancer]]<ref name="pmid9952124">{{cite journal| author=Simmons NE, Elias WJ, Henson SL, Laws ER| title=Small cell lung carcinoma causing epidural hematoma: case report. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 51 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-9 | pmid=9952124 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9952124 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Sickle Cell Anemia]]<ref name="pmid23741596">{{cite journal| author=Babatola BO, Salman YA, Abiola AM, Okezie KO, Oladele AS| title=Spontaneous epidural haematoma in sickle cell anaemia: case report and literature review. | journal=J Surg Tech Case Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 2 | pages= 135-7 | pmid=23741596 | doi=10.4103/2006-8808.110271 | pmc=3673360 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23741596 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26576305">{{cite journal| author=Yogarajah M, Agu CC, Sivasambu B, Mittler MA| title=HbSC Disease and Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma with Kernohan's Notch Phenomena. | journal=Case Rep Hematol | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue= | pages= 470873 | pmid=26576305 | doi=10.1155/2015/470873 | pmc=4631867 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26576305 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Kummell disease|Kummell's disease]]<ref name="pmid21607183">{{cite journal| author=Kim HS, Lee SK, Kim SW, Shin H| title=Chronic Spinal Epidural Hematoma Related to Kummell's Disease. | journal=J Korean Neurosurg Soc | year= 2011 | volume= 49 | issue= 4 | pages= 231-3 | pmid=21607183 | doi=10.3340/jkns.2011.49.4.231 | pmc=3098428 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21607183 }} </ref> | |||
*[ | |||
=== | |||
*[ | |||
=== | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" |'''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | Blood vessel [[malformation]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | | bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Chemical/Poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dental''' | | '''Dental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dermatologic''' | | '''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | | '''Ear Nose Throat''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | | '''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Environmental''' | | '''Environmental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | | '''Gastroenterologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
* [[Head trauma]] | |||
* [[Lumbar]] [[acupuncture]] | |||
* Spinal injections | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dengue virus|Dengue virus infection]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic''' | | '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kummell disease|Kummell's disease]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | | '''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
* [[CNS]] surgery | |||
* [[Head trauma|ead trauma]] | |||
* L[[Lumbar|umbar]] [[acupuncture]] | |||
* Spinal injections | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | | '''Nutritional/Metabolic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
* [[Bleeding disorders]] | |||
* [[Metastatic cancer]] | |||
* [[Sickle Cell Anemia]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ophthalmologic''' | | '''Ophthalmologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Overdose/Toxicity''' | | '''Overdose/Toxicity''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Psychiatric''' | | '''Psychiatric''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | | '''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal/Electrolyte''' | | '''Renal/Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy''' | | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Sexual''' | | '''Sexual''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Trauma''' | | '''Trauma''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Head trauma]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Urologic''' | | '''Urologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | | '''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== |
Revision as of 17:59, 30 May 2018
Epidural hematoma Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Disease name] may be caused by Head trauma, Bleeding disorders, blood vessel malformation, CNS surgery, dengue virus infection, Lumbar acupunctures, spinal injections, Metastatic cancer, Sickle Cell Anemia and kummell's disease.
Causes
Common Causes
Common causes of epidural hematoma include:
- Head trauma[1][2]
- Spinal trauma
- Bleeding disorders[3]
- Blood vessel malformation[4]
- CNS surgery[5]
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of epidural hematoma include:
- Dengue virus infection[6]
- Lumbar acupunctures[7]
- Spinal injections[8][9]
- Metastatic cancer[10]
Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular | Blood vessel malformation |
Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
Dental | No underlying causes |
Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
Endocrine | No underlying causes |
Environmental | No underlying causes |
Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
Genetic | No underlying causes |
Hematologic | No underlying causes |
Iatrogenic |
|
Infectious Disease | Dengue virus infection |
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Kummell's disease |
Neurologic |
|
Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
Oncologic | |
Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
Sexual | No underlying causes |
Trauma | Head trauma |
Urologic | No underlying causes |
Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3References
- ↑ Mitsuyama T, Ide M, Kawamura H (2004). "Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup head injury--case report". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 44 (11): 584–6. PMID 15686177.
- ↑ Maugeri R, Anderson DG, Graziano F, Meccio F, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG (2015). "Conservative vs. Surgical Management of Post-Traumatic Epidural Hematoma: A Case and Review of Literature". Am J Case Rep. 16: 811–7. PMC 4652627. PMID 26567227.
- ↑ Morsing IE, Brons P, Th Draaisma JM, van Lindert EJ, Erasmus CE (2009). "Hemophilia a and spinal epidural hematoma in children". Neuropediatrics. 40 (5): 245–8. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248247. PMID 20221963.
- ↑ Paraskevopoulos D, Magras I, Polyzoidis K (2013). "Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma secondary to extradural arteriovenous malformation in a child: a case-based update". Childs Nerv Syst. 29 (11): 1985–91. doi:10.1007/s00381-013-2214-5. PMID 23812629.
- ↑ Kim B, Moon SH, Kim SY, Kim HJ, Lee HM (2010). "Delayed Spinal Epidural Hematoma after En Block Spondylectomy for Vertebral Ewing's Sarcoma". Asian Spine J. 4 (2): 118–22. doi:10.4184/asj.2010.4.2.118. PMC 2996623. PMID 21165315.
- ↑ Fong CY, Hlaing CS, Tay CG, Kadir KA, Goh KJ, Ong LC (2016). "Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis with cervical epidural haematoma following dengue virus infection". Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 20 (3): 449–53. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.01.012. PMID 26900103.
- ↑ Chen CY, Liu GC, Sheu RS, Huang CL (1997). "Bacterial meningitis and lumbar epidural hematoma due to lumbar acupunctures: a case report". Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 13 (5): 328–31. PMID 9226976.
- ↑ Rosen DA, Hawkinberry DW, Rosen KR, Gustafson RA, Hogg JP, Broadman LM (2004). "An epidural hematoma in an adolescent patient after cardiac surgery". Anesth Analg. 98 (4): 966–9, table of contents. PMID 15041581.
- ↑ Bang J, Kim JU, Lee YM, Joh J, An EH, Lee JY; et al. (2011). "Spinal epidural hematoma related to an epidural catheter in a cardiac surgery patient -A case report-". Korean J Anesthesiol. 61 (6): 524–7. doi:10.4097/kjae.2011.61.6.524. PMC 3249578. PMID 22220233.
- ↑ Simmons NE, Elias WJ, Henson SL, Laws ER (1999). "Small cell lung carcinoma causing epidural hematoma: case report". Surg Neurol. 51 (1): 56–9. PMID 9952124.
- ↑ Babatola BO, Salman YA, Abiola AM, Okezie KO, Oladele AS (2012). "Spontaneous epidural haematoma in sickle cell anaemia: case report and literature review". J Surg Tech Case Rep. 4 (2): 135–7. doi:10.4103/2006-8808.110271. PMC 3673360. PMID 23741596.
- ↑ Yogarajah M, Agu CC, Sivasambu B, Mittler MA (2015). "HbSC Disease and Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma with Kernohan's Notch Phenomena". Case Rep Hematol. 2015: 470873. doi:10.1155/2015/470873. PMC 4631867. PMID 26576305.
- ↑ Kim HS, Lee SK, Kim SW, Shin H (2011). "Chronic Spinal Epidural Hematoma Related to Kummell's Disease". J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 49 (4): 231–3. doi:10.3340/jkns.2011.49.4.231. PMC 3098428. PMID 21607183.