Kidney stone epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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*The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt. | *The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt. | ||
*The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east | *The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east | ||
*The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”<ref name="pmid7996811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H |title=Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=893–9 |date=September 1994 |pmid=7996811 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”<ref name="pmid7996811">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H |title=Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States |journal=Kidney Int. |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=893–9 |date=September 1994 |pmid=7996811 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.<ref name="pmid8610664">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M |title=Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=487–95 |date=March 1996 |pmid=8610664 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Developed Countries=== | ===Developed Countries=== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Various studies have found epidemiological data based on time and population as mentioned:[1][2][3][4][5]
Incidence
- The incidence/prevalence of nephrolithiasis is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
Prevalence
- The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- According to American Journal of Kidney disease, 2016, 8% of women and 16% of men are developing nephrolithiasis by the age of 70 years.
Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate
- In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
- The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].
Age
- Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
- The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
- [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
- [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
- [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].
Race
- There is no racial predilection to [disease name].
- [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
Gender
- Males are more commonly affected by nephrolithiaisis than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.[6]
- The trend keeps on changing , a study in 2010 claims the incidence rate ratio of men to women with urinary tract stones has narrowed from 3.4 to 1.3.[7]
Region
- The majority of nephrolithiasis cases are reported in southeast belt.
- The number of cases increase from north to south and from west to east
- The states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee are considered in the “stone belt.”[8]
- The ambient temperature and sunlight levels as risk factors for stones and differences in exposure to temperature and sunlight and beverages are also responsible for geographic variability.[9]
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
References
- ↑ Shoag J, Tasian GE, Goldfarb DS, Eisner BH (July 2015). "The new epidemiology of nephrolithiasis". Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 22 (4): 273–8. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2015.04.004. PMID 26088071.
- ↑ Roudakova K, Monga M (January 2014). "The evolving epidemiology of stone disease". Indian J Urol. 30 (1): 44–8. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.124206. PMC 3897053. PMID 24497682.
- ↑ Curhan GC (August 2007). "Epidemiology of stone disease". Urol. Clin. North Am. 34 (3): 287–93. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.04.003. PMC 2693870. PMID 17678980.
- ↑ Ziemba JB, Matlaga BR (September 2017). "Epidemiology and economics of nephrolithiasis". Investig Clin Urol. 58 (5): 299–306. doi:10.4111/icu.2017.58.5.299. PMC 5577325. PMID 28868500.
- ↑ Scales CD, Smith AC, Hanley JM, Saigal CS (July 2012). "Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States". Eur. Urol. 62 (1): 160–5. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.052. PMC 3362665. PMID 22498635.
- ↑ Pfau, Anja; Knauf, Felix (2016). "Update on Nephrolithiasis: Core Curriculum 2016". American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 68 (6): 973–985. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.016. ISSN 0272-6386.
- ↑ Strope SA, Wolf JS, Hollenbeck BK (March 2010). "Changes in gender distribution of urinary stone disease". Urology. 75 (3): 543–6, 546.e1. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2009.08.007. PMC 3410535. PMID 19854493.
- ↑ Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H (September 1994). "Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States". Kidney Int. 46 (3): 893–9. PMID 7996811.
- ↑ Soucie JM, Coates RJ, McClellan W, Austin H, Thun M (March 1996). "Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones". Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 (5): 487–95. PMID 8610664.