Kidney stone differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 8: Line 8:
==Differentiating Nephrolithiasis from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Nephrolithiasis from other Diseases==
Nephrolithiasis should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with [[Flank pain|acute flank]] or [[upper abdominal pain]], [[hematuria]], [[nausea and vomiting]]. The differentials include the following:<ref name="pmid18486720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Worcester EM, Coe FL |title=Nephrolithiasis |journal=Prim. Care |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=369–91, vii |date=June 2008 |pmid=18486720 |pmc=2518455 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21789078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Semins MJ, Matlaga BR |title=Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis |journal=Ther Adv Urol |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |date=February 2010 |pmid=21789078 |pmc=3126068 |doi=10.1177/1756287210369121 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28764263">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK |title=Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=TC15–TC18 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28764263 |pmc=5535453 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17375337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L |title=Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1002–6 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17375337 |doi=10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19399273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG |title=Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=296–301 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19399273 |pmc=2672131 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22969301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saeed K |title=Renal infarction |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=5 |issue= |pages=119–23 |date=2012 |pmid=22969301 |pmc=3437809 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S33768 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24812524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O |title=Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=157–9 |date=2014 |pmid=24812524 |pmc=4011809 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S59745 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12389340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R |title=The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=781–4 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12389340 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12512867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix AE |title=Renal papillary necrosis |journal=Toxicol Pathol |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=672–4 |date=2002 |pmid=12512867 |doi=10.1080/01926230290166760 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7038374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC |title=Renal papillary necrosis: an update |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=55–73 |date=March 1982 |pmid=7038374 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18806169">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM |title=Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=1220–32 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18806169 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3568 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15536955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A |title=[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=737–42 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15536955 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23596502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H |title=Urethral stricture: etiology, investigation and treatments |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=110 |issue=13 |pages=220–6 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23596502 |pmc=3627163 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21176068">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mundy AR, Andrich DE |title=Urethral strictures |journal=BJU Int. |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=6–26 |date=January 2011 |pmid=21176068 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09800.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26816803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maciejewski C, Rourke K |title=Imaging of urethral stricture disease |journal=Transl Androl Urol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–9 |date=February 2015 |pmid=26816803 |pmc=4708283 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.02.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20664404">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soper DE |title=Pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=116 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=419–28 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20664404 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e92c54 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9891675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paavonen J |title=Pelvic inflammatory disease. From diagnosis to prevention |journal=Dermatol Clin |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=747–56, xii |date=October 1998 |pmid=9891675 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24802548">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee MH, Moon MH, Sung CK, Woo H, Oh S |title=CT findings of acute pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1350–5 |date=December 2014 |pmid=24802548 |doi=10.1007/s00261-014-0158-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17054801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eggert J, Sundquist K, van Vuuren C, Fianu-Jonasson A |title=The clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease--reuse of electronic medical record data from 189 patients visiting a Swedish university hospital emergency department |journal=BMC Womens Health |volume=6 |issue= |pages=16 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17054801 |pmc=1624808 |doi=10.1186/1472-6874-6-16 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24294125">{{cite journal |vauthors=Washington C, Carmichael JC |title=Management of ischemic colitis |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=228–35 |date=December 2012 |pmid=24294125 |pmc=3577613 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1329534 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25941431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chawla YK, Bodh V |title=Portal vein thrombosis |journal=J Clin Exp Hepatol |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=22–40 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25941431 |pmc=4415192 |doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlImaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0415/p1565.html |title=Imaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21523201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aggarwal S, Qamar A, Sharma V, Sharma A |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review |journal=Exp Clin Cardiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=11–5 |date=2011 |pmid=21523201 |pmc=3076160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20676257">{{cite journal |vauthors=Destigter KK, Keating DP |title=Imaging update: acute colonic diverticulitis |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=147–55 |date=August 2009 |pmid=20676257 |pmc=2780264 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1236158 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24888393">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hameed AM, Lam VW, Pleass HC |title=Significant elevations of serum lipase not caused by pancreatitis: a systematic review |journal=HPB (Oxford) |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=99–112 |date=February 2015 |pmid=24888393 |pmc=4299384 |doi=10.1111/hpb.12277 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlImaging for Suspected Appendicitis - - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0101/p71.html |title=Imaging for Suspected Appendicitis - - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlCT Findings of Acute Cholecystitis and Its Complications : American Journal of Roentgenology : Vol. 194, No. 6 (AJR)">{{cite web |url=https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.09.3640 |title=CT Findings of Acute Cholecystitis and Its Complications : American Journal of Roentgenology : Vol. 194, No. 6 (AJR) |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlEpididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview - - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0401/p583.html |title=Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview - - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26526901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jia JB, Houshyar R, Verma S, Uchio E, Lall C |title=Prostate cancer on computed tomography: A direct comparison with multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue pathology |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=261–267 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26526901 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.10.013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25393274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bratt O, Lilja H |title=Serum markers in prostate cancer detection |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25393274 |pmc=4315142 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlProstate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024422/ |title=Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25675798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eskicioğlu F, Özdemir AT, Turan GA, Gür EB, Kasap E, Genç M |title=The efficacy of complete blood count parameters in the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy |journal=Ginekol. Pol. |volume=85 |issue=11 |pages=823–7 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25675798 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21727242">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sivalingam VN, Duncan WC, Kirk E, Shephard LA, Horne AW |title=Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy |journal=J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=231–40 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21727242 |pmc=3213855 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0073 |url=}}</ref>
Nephrolithiasis should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with [[Flank pain|acute flank]] or [[upper abdominal pain]], [[hematuria]], [[nausea and vomiting]]. The differentials include the following:<ref name="pmid18486720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Worcester EM, Coe FL |title=Nephrolithiasis |journal=Prim. Care |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=369–91, vii |date=June 2008 |pmid=18486720 |pmc=2518455 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21789078">{{cite journal |vauthors=Semins MJ, Matlaga BR |title=Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis |journal=Ther Adv Urol |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |date=February 2010 |pmid=21789078 |pmc=3126068 |doi=10.1177/1756287210369121 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28764263">{{cite journal |vauthors=Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK |title=Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=TC15–TC18 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28764263 |pmc=5535453 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17375337">{{cite journal |vauthors=Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L |title=Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection |journal=Pediatr. Nephrol. |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=1002–6 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17375337 |doi=10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19399273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG |title=Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment |journal=J. Korean Med. Sci. |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=296–301 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19399273 |pmc=2672131 |doi=10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22969301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Saeed K |title=Renal infarction |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=5 |issue= |pages=119–23 |date=2012 |pmid=22969301 |pmc=3437809 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S33768 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24812524">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O |title=Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic |journal=Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis |volume=7 |issue= |pages=157–9 |date=2014 |pmid=24812524 |pmc=4011809 |doi=10.2147/IJNRD.S59745 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12389340">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R |title=The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=781–4 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12389340 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12512867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brix AE |title=Renal papillary necrosis |journal=Toxicol Pathol |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=672–4 |date=2002 |pmid=12512867 |doi=10.1080/01926230290166760 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7038374">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC |title=Renal papillary necrosis: an update |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=55–73 |date=March 1982 |pmid=7038374 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18806169">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM |title=Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=1220–32 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18806169 |doi=10.2214/AJR.07.3568 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15536955">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A |title=[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. |volume=57 |issue=7 |pages=737–42 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15536955 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20479778">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N |title=Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI |journal=Nat Rev Urol |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=311–25 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20479778 |doi=10.1038/nrurol.2010.63 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23596502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H |title=Urethral stricture: etiology, investigation and treatments |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=110 |issue=13 |pages=220–6 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23596502 |pmc=3627163 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21176068">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mundy AR, Andrich DE |title=Urethral strictures |journal=BJU Int. |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=6–26 |date=January 2011 |pmid=21176068 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09800.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26816803">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maciejewski C, Rourke K |title=Imaging of urethral stricture disease |journal=Transl Androl Urol |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=2–9 |date=February 2015 |pmid=26816803 |pmc=4708283 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.02.03 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20664404">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soper DE |title=Pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=116 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=419–28 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20664404 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e92c54 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9891675">{{cite journal |vauthors=Paavonen J |title=Pelvic inflammatory disease. From diagnosis to prevention |journal=Dermatol Clin |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=747–56, xii |date=October 1998 |pmid=9891675 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24802548">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee MH, Moon MH, Sung CK, Woo H, Oh S |title=CT findings of acute pelvic inflammatory disease |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1350–5 |date=December 2014 |pmid=24802548 |doi=10.1007/s00261-014-0158-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17054801">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eggert J, Sundquist K, van Vuuren C, Fianu-Jonasson A |title=The clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease--reuse of electronic medical record data from 189 patients visiting a Swedish university hospital emergency department |journal=BMC Womens Health |volume=6 |issue= |pages=16 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17054801 |pmc=1624808 |doi=10.1186/1472-6874-6-16 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24294125">{{cite journal |vauthors=Washington C, Carmichael JC |title=Management of ischemic colitis |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=228–35 |date=December 2012 |pmid=24294125 |pmc=3577613 |doi=10.1055/s-0032-1329534 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25941431">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chawla YK, Bodh V |title=Portal vein thrombosis |journal=J Clin Exp Hepatol |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=22–40 |date=March 2015 |pmid=25941431 |pmc=4415192 |doi=10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlImaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0415/p1565.html |title=Imaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21523201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aggarwal S, Qamar A, Sharma V, Sharma A |title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review |journal=Exp Clin Cardiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=11–5 |date=2011 |pmid=21523201 |pmc=3076160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20676257">{{cite journal |vauthors=Destigter KK, Keating DP |title=Imaging update: acute colonic diverticulitis |journal=Clin Colon Rectal Surg |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=147–55 |date=August 2009 |pmid=20676257 |pmc=2780264 |doi=10.1055/s-0029-1236158 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24888393">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hameed AM, Lam VW, Pleass HC |title=Significant elevations of serum lipase not caused by pancreatitis: a systematic review |journal=HPB (Oxford) |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=99–112 |date=February 2015 |pmid=24888393 |pmc=4299384 |doi=10.1111/hpb.12277 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlImaging for Suspected Appendicitis - - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0101/p71.html |title=Imaging for Suspected Appendicitis - - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlCT Findings of Acute Cholecystitis and Its Complications : American Journal of Roentgenology : Vol. 194, No. 6 (AJR)">{{cite web |url=https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.09.3640 |title=CT Findings of Acute Cholecystitis and Its Complications : American Journal of Roentgenology : Vol. 194, No. 6 (AJR) |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlEpididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview - - American Family Physician">{{cite web |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0401/p583.html |title=Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview - - American Family Physician |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26526901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jia JB, Houshyar R, Verma S, Uchio E, Lall C |title=Prostate cancer on computed tomography: A direct comparison with multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue pathology |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=261–267 |date=January 2016 |pmid=26526901 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.10.013 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25393274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bratt O, Lilja H |title=Serum markers in prostate cancer detection |journal=Curr Opin Urol |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=59–64 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25393274 |pmc=4315142 |doi=10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlProstate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024422/ |title=Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25675798">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eskicioğlu F, Özdemir AT, Turan GA, Gür EB, Kasap E, Genç M |title=The efficacy of complete blood count parameters in the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy |journal=Ginekol. Pol. |volume=85 |issue=11 |pages=823–7 |date=November 2014 |pmid=25675798 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21727242">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sivalingam VN, Duncan WC, Kirk E, Shephard LA, Horne AW |title=Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy |journal=J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=231–40 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21727242 |pmc=3213855 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0073 |url=}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{|
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
Line 31: Line 31:
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta-hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta−hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
Line 45: Line 45:
* [[Flank Pain|Flank]]/[[back pain]] radiating to groin
* [[Flank Pain|Flank]]/[[back pain]] radiating to groin
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | -
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 62: Line 62:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 76: Line 76:
* [[Costovertebral angle]]
* [[Costovertebral angle]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
Line 111: Line 111:
* [[Flank pain]]
* [[Flank pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 127: Line 127:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 144: Line 144:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Flank pain]]
* [[Flank pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 161: Line 161:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Blunted [[renal calyces]]
* Blunted [[renal calyces]]
* Non-enhanced lesions surrounded by rings of excreted contrast material
* Non−enhanced lesions surrounded by rings of excreted contrast material
* Hyperattenuated [[medullary]] [[Calcification|calcifications]]
* Hyperattenuated [[medullary]] [[Calcification|calcifications]]
|-
|-
Line 172: Line 172:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* History of [[smoking]]
* History of [[smoking]]
* [[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|Von-Hippel Lindau disease]]
* [[Von Hippel-Lindau disease|Von−Hippel Lindau disease]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Flank pain]]
* [[Flank pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |+
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | +
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Flank mass
* Flank mass
Line 191: Line 191:
* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
* Renal cell casts
* Renal cell casts
* Urinary [[Aquaporin 1|aquaporin-1]] (AQP1) and adipophilin (ADFP)
* Urinary [[Aquaporin 1|aquaporin−1]] (AQP1) and adipophilin (ADFP)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 208: Line 208:
* [[Urinary catheterization]]
* [[Urinary catheterization]]
* Direct [[Penis|penile]] trauma
* Direct [[Penis|penile]] trauma
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Hematuria]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl to ↑
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk factors
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Anorexia
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Constipation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinary symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HR
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Tenderness
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominopelvic exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Rectal exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CBC
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinalysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta−hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CT
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gynecological pathology
! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Gynecological pathology
Line 241: Line 264:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Right/left upper quadrant  
* Right/left upper quadrant  
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Cervical motion tenderness]]
* [[Cervical motion tenderness]]
Line 261: Line 284:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 269: Line 292:
* Periovarian stranding
* Periovarian stranding
* Enhancement of the adjacent [[peritoneum]]
* Enhancement of the adjacent [[peritoneum]]
* Thick-walled, complex fluid collection with septa formation ([[abscess]] pockets)
* Thick−walled, complex fluid collection with septa formation ([[abscess]] pockets)
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ovarian torsion]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Ovarian torsion]]
Line 279: Line 302:
* Unilateral poorly localized [[Lower abdominal pain|lower abdominal]]
* Unilateral poorly localized [[Lower abdominal pain|lower abdominal]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Adnexal]] tenderness
* [[Adnexal]] tenderness
* [[Adnexal mass causes|Adnexal mass]]
* [[Adnexal mass causes|Adnexal mass]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 310: Line 333:
* History of [[pelvic]] surgery
* History of [[pelvic]] surgery
* History of [[pelvic inflammatory disease]]
* History of [[pelvic inflammatory disease]]
* Sub-[[fertility]]
* Sub−[[fertility]]
* Sternous excercise
* Sternous excercise
* Increased [[maternal]] age
* Increased [[maternal]] age
Line 319: Line 342:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 332: Line 355:
* Low platelet distribution width (decreased platelet activation)
* Low platelet distribution width (decreased platelet activation)
* [[Monocytosis]]
* [[Monocytosis]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |N/A
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |N/A
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk factors
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Anorexia
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Constipation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinary symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HR
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Tenderness
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominopelvic exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Rectal exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CBC
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinalysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta−hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CT
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Prostate pathology
! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Prostate pathology
Line 358: Line 404:
* [[Lower back pain]]
* [[Lower back pain]]
* Suprapubic pain
* Suprapubic pain
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Line 376: Line 422:
* [[Pyuria]]
* [[Pyuria]]
* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
* [[Microscopic hematuria]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 389: Line 435:
* Black ethnicity
* Black ethnicity
* Age > 50 years
* Age > 50 years
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Enlarged [[prostate]]
* Enlarged [[prostate]]
* Firm and hard
* Firm and hard
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Hematuria]]
* [[Hematuria]]
Line 409: Line 455:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Focal areas of mass-like enhancement in the peripheral [[prostate]]
* Focal areas of mass−like enhancement in the peripheral [[prostate]]
* [[Calcification|Calcifications]]
* [[Calcification|Calcifications]]
|-
|-
Line 419: Line 465:
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Testicular torsion]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Testicular torsion]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Age 12 - 16 years
* Age 12 16 years
* Previous history of [[testicular torsion]]
* Previous history of [[testicular torsion]]
* [[Family history]] of [[testicular torsion]]
* [[Family history]] of [[testicular torsion]]
Line 428: Line 474:
* Sudden onset unilateral [[testicular pain]]
* Sudden onset unilateral [[testicular pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Absent [[cremasteric reflex]]
* Absent [[cremasteric reflex]]
* [[Testicle]] may be swollen, tender, and high-riding, with an abnormal transverse lie.
* [[Testicle]] may be swollen, tender, and high−riding, with an abnormal transverse lie.
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 460: Line 506:
* Abrupt onset of [[testicular pain]]
* Abrupt onset of [[testicular pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Testicular swelling and tenderness
* Testicular swelling and tenderness
Line 473: Line 519:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Leukocytosis]]
* [[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 482: Line 528:
* [[Ultrasound]] > [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] for diagnosis ([[Testicular masses]] or swollen [[testicles]] with hypoechoic and hypervascular areas)
* [[Ultrasound]] > [[Computed tomography|CT scan]] for diagnosis ([[Testicular masses]] or swollen [[testicles]] with hypoechoic and hypervascular areas)
|-
|-
! rowspan="7" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominal pathology
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk factors
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Anorexia
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Constipation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinary symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HR
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Tenderness
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominopelvic exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Rectal exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CBC
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinalysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta−hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CT
|-
! rowspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominal pathology
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Cholecystitis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Cholecystitis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Line 497: Line 566:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 510: Line 579:
* [[Bilirubin]] (pigment) stones
* [[Bilirubin]] (pigment) stones
* [[Cholesterol]] stones
* [[Cholesterol]] stones
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
Line 533: Line 602:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |±
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
Line 543: Line 612:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Leukocytosis
* Leukocytosis
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
Line 570: Line 639:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Line 582: Line 651:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Leukocytosis]]
* [[Leukocytosis]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | Abnormal (if [[Perforation of inflamed diverticulum|perforation]])
Line 601: Line 670:
* Deep boring [[pain]] in the [[back]]
* Deep boring [[pain]] in the [[back]]
* May radiate to [[flank]]
* May radiate to [[flank]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 612: Line 681:
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
Line 623: Line 692:
* CT scan may accurately predict the aneurysmal size
* CT scan may accurately predict the aneurysmal size
* Helical CT has faster scanning time (30 to 60 seconds) and the ability to obtain all images in one breath hold
* Helical CT has faster scanning time (30 to 60 seconds) and the ability to obtain all images in one breath hold
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk factors
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Anorexia
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Constipation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinary symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HR
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Tenderness
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominopelvic exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Rectal exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CBC
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinalysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta−hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CT
|-
|-
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" + |[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Mutated JAK2 V617F
* Mutated JAK2 V617F
* [[Antiphospholipid syndrome|Anti-phospholipid syndrome]]
* [[Antiphospholipid syndrome|Anti−phospholipid syndrome]]
* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]]
* [[Homocysteinuria]]
* [[Homocysteinuria]]
Line 635: Line 726:
* [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptive use]]
* [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptive use]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
* [[Cirrhosis]]
* [[Pregnancy]] and [[post-partum]]
* [[Pregnancy]] and [[post-partum|post−partum]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Abdominal]] or [[lumbar pain]]
* [[Abdominal]] or [[lumbar pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |↓
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Positive abdominal tenderness (if [[bowel]] [[ischemia]] or [[infarction]]-secondary to extension of [[thrombus]] to [[superior mesenteric vein]])
* Positive abdominal tenderness (if [[bowel]] [[ischemia]] or [[infarction]]−secondary to extension of [[thrombus]] to [[superior mesenteric vein]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
Line 653: Line 744:
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Might be abnormal
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if [[bowel]] [[infarction]], [[perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if [[bowel]] [[infarction]], [[perforation]])
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* On non-contrast CT:
* On non−contrast CT:
** Hyperdense thrombus
** Hyperdense thrombus
* On contrast CT
* On contrast CT
** Non-enhancing defect of bland thrombus
** Non−enhancing defect of bland thrombus
** Tumor thrombus exhibits enhancement
** Tumor thrombus exhibits enhancement
|-
|-
Line 679: Line 770:
* [[Epigastric pain]]
* [[Epigastric pain]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
Line 692: Line 783:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Anemia]]
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if [[bowel perforation]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if [[bowel perforation]])
Line 709: Line 800:
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
* Acute-onset [[abdominal cramping]] 
* Acute−onset [[abdominal cramping]] 
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
Line 725: Line 816:
* [[Leukocytosis]] (if [[necrosis]])
* [[Leukocytosis]] (if [[necrosis]])
* [[Anemia]] (if [[Gastrointestinal perforation|perforation]] and [[bleeding]])
* [[Anemia]] (if [[Gastrointestinal perforation|perforation]] and [[bleeding]])
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Nl
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
Line 738: Line 829:
* [[Submucosal]] [[edema]] or [[hemorrhage]]
* [[Submucosal]] [[edema]] or [[hemorrhage]]
* Pneumatosis coli (if infarction)
* Pneumatosis coli (if infarction)
|-
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Category
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Disease
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Risk factors
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Pain
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |N/V
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Anorexia
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Constipation
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinary symptoms
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Fever
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |HR
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BP
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Tenderness
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Abdominopelvic exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Rectal exam
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CBC
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urinalysis
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |BUN
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Cr
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Urine Beta−hCG
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |LFT
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |Serum amylase & lipase
! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" + |CT
|}
|}



Revision as of 01:25, 5 August 2018

Kidney stone Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Kidney stone from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X Ray

Ultrasonography

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Kidney stone differential diagnosis On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kidney stone differential diagnosis

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Kidney stone differential diagnosis

CDC on Kidney stone differential diagnosis

Kidney stone differential diagnosis in the news

Blogs onKidney stone differential diagnosis

Directions to Hospitals Treating Kidney stone

Risk calculators and risk factors for Kidney stone differential diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2] Amandeep Singh M.D.[3]

Overview

Nephrolithiasis should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with acute flank or upper abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea and vomiting.

Differentiating Nephrolithiasis from other Diseases

Nephrolithiasis should be differentiated from other conditions presenting with acute flank or upper abdominal pain, hematuria, nausea and vomiting. The differentials include the following:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Category Disease Risk factors Symptoms Signs Paraclinical studies
Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Renal Pathology Nephrolithiasis + ± + Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
  • Radiolucent stone
Pyelonephritis + ± + +
  • Positive renal punch sign
  • Costovertebral angle tenderness
Nl Nl Nl Might be + Nl Nl
  • Decreased contrast uptake
  • Foci from abscess pockets
Renal infarct + + Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl
  • Decreased contrast uptake
Renal papillary necrosis + + ± Nl Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl
Renal cell carcinoma + + ±
  • Flank mass
Nl Nl Nl Nl Nl
Urethral stricture + Nl Nl Nl Nl to ↑ Nl Nl Nl Nl
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Gynecological pathology Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Right/left upper quadrant
+ + + + Nl Nl Nl
  • Thickening of the uterosacral ligaments
  • Haziness of the pelvic fat
  • Periovarian stranding
  • Enhancement of the adjacent peritoneum
  • Thick−walled, complex fluid collection with septa formation (abscess pockets)
Ovarian torsion
  • Sudden acute pain
  • Sharp pain aggravated by walking
  • Intermittent/colicky pain
+ + Nl Nl Nl Nl
  • Twisted ovarian pedicle
  • Enlarged ovary (>4.0 cm)
  • Distended pedicle
  • Possible underlying ovarian lesion
Ectopic pregnancy + + + + Nl
  • Positive abdominal tenderness (if ruptured)
Nl
  • Low platelet distribution width (decreased platelet activation)
  • Monocytosis
+ Might be abnormal Nl N/A
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Prostate pathology Prostatitis + + + Nl Nl Nl Nl
Prostatic cancer + + Nl Nl Nl Nl
Testicular pathology Testicular torsion + ± ± + Nl Nl Nl Nl
Orchitis + ± + + Nl Nl Nl Nl
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Abdominal pathology Cholecystitis + + + + Nl Nl Nl Might be abnormal Might be abnormal
  • Gallbladder distention
  • Wall thickening
  • Mucosal hyperenhancement,
  • Pericholecystic fat stranding or fluid
  • Gallstones
Appendicitis + + ± + + Nl + Nl Nl
  • Leukocytosis
Nl Abnormal (if perforation)
Diverticulitis + + + + + Nl Nl Nl Abnormal (if perforation)
  • Colonic wall thickening (wall thickness is greater than 3 mm on the short axis of the lumen)
  • Pericolic fat stranding
Abdominal aortic aneurysm + Nl
  • Positive abdominal tenderness (if rupture)
Nl Nl Nl Nl
  • Ultrasound more sensitive than CT scan
  • CT scan may accurately predict the aneurysmal size
  • Helical CT has faster scanning time (30 to 60 seconds) and the ability to obtain all images in one breath hold
Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT
Portal vein thrombosis + + + + Nl Might be abnormal Abnormal (if bowel infarction, perforation)
  • On non−contrast CT:
    • Hyperdense thrombus
  • On contrast CT
    • Non−enhancing defect of bland thrombus
    • Tumor thrombus exhibits enhancement
Duodenal ulcer + + + Nl Nl Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
Ischemic colitis + + + + + ↑ or ↓ (if necrosis or sepsis)
  • Positive abdominal tenderness (if transmural necrosis)
Nl Nl Abnormal (if bowel perforation)
Category Disease Risk factors Pain N/V Anorexia Constipation Urinary symptoms Fever HR BP Tenderness Abdominopelvic exam Rectal exam CBC Urinalysis BUN Cr Urine Beta−hCG LFT Serum amylase & lipase CT

References

  1. Worcester EM, Coe FL (June 2008). "Nephrolithiasis". Prim. Care. 35 (2): 369–91, vii. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005. PMC 2518455. PMID 18486720.
  2. Semins MJ, Matlaga BR (February 2010). "Medical evaluation and management of urolithiasis". Ther Adv Urol. 2 (1): 3–9. doi:10.1177/1756287210369121. PMC 3126068. PMID 21789078.
  3. Venkatesh L, Hanumegowda RK (June 2017). "Acute Pyelonephritis - Correlation of Clinical Parameter with Radiological Imaging Abnormalities". J Clin Diagn Res. 11 (6): TC15–TC18. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/27247.10033. PMC 5535453. PMID 28764263.
  4. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L (July 2007). "Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection". Pediatr. Nephrol. 22 (7): 1002–6. doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7. PMID 17375337.
  5. Lee DG, Jeon SH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Kim JI, Chang SG (April 2009). "Acute pyelonephritis: clinical characteristics and the role of the surgical treatment". J. Korean Med. Sci. 24 (2): 296–301. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.296. PMC 2672131. PMID 19399273.
  6. Saeed K (2012). "Renal infarction". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 5: 119–23. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S33768. PMC 3437809. PMID 22969301.
  7. Mahamid M, Francis A, Abid A, Awawde M, Abu-Elhija O (2014). "Embolic renal infarction mimicking renal colic". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 7: 157–9. doi:10.2147/IJNRD.S59745. PMC 4011809. PMID 24812524.
  8. Korzets Z, Plotkin E, Bernheim J, Zissin R (October 2002). "The clinical spectrum of acute renal infarction". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 4 (10): 781–4. PMID 12389340.
  9. Brix AE (2002). "Renal papillary necrosis". Toxicol Pathol. 30 (6): 672–4. doi:10.1080/01926230290166760. PMID 12512867.
  10. Eknoyan G, Qunibi WY, Grissom RT, Tuma SN, Ayus JC (March 1982). "Renal papillary necrosis: an update". Medicine (Baltimore). 61 (2): 55–73. PMID 7038374.
  11. Ng CS, Wood CG, Silverman PM, Tannir NM, Tamboli P, Sandler CM (October 2008). "Renal cell carcinoma: diagnosis, staging, and surveillance". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 191 (4): 1220–32. doi:10.2214/AJR.07.3568. PMID 18806169.
  12. Ares Valdés Y, Amador Sandoval B, Morales JC, Alonso Domínguez F, Carballo Velásquez L, Fragas Valdés R, Shou Rodríguez A (September 2004). "[The role of CT scan in the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma]". Arch. Esp. Urol. (in Spanish; Castilian). 57 (7): 737–42. PMID 15536955.
  13. Leveridge MJ, Bostrom PJ, Koulouris G, Finelli A, Lawrentschuk N (June 2010). "Imaging renal cell carcinoma with ultrasonography, CT and MRI". Nat Rev Urol. 7 (6): 311–25. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2010.63. PMID 20479778.
  14. Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H (March 2013). "Urethral stricture: etiology, investigation and treatments". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 110 (13): 220–6. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220. PMC 3627163. PMID 23596502.
  15. Mundy AR, Andrich DE (January 2011). "Urethral strictures". BJU Int. 107 (1): 6–26. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09800.x. PMID 21176068.
  16. Maciejewski C, Rourke K (February 2015). "Imaging of urethral stricture disease". Transl Androl Urol. 4 (1): 2–9. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.02.03. PMC 4708283. PMID 26816803.
  17. Soper DE (August 2010). "Pelvic inflammatory disease". Obstet Gynecol. 116 (2 Pt 1): 419–28. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181e92c54. PMID 20664404.
  18. Paavonen J (October 1998). "Pelvic inflammatory disease. From diagnosis to prevention". Dermatol Clin. 16 (4): 747–56, xii. PMID 9891675.
  19. Lee MH, Moon MH, Sung CK, Woo H, Oh S (December 2014). "CT findings of acute pelvic inflammatory disease". Abdom Imaging. 39 (6): 1350–5. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0158-1. PMID 24802548.
  20. Eggert J, Sundquist K, van Vuuren C, Fianu-Jonasson A (October 2006). "The clinical diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease--reuse of electronic medical record data from 189 patients visiting a Swedish university hospital emergency department". BMC Womens Health. 6: 16. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-6-16. PMC 1624808. PMID 17054801.
  21. Washington C, Carmichael JC (December 2012). "Management of ischemic colitis". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 25 (4): 228–35. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1329534. PMC 3577613. PMID 24294125.
  22. Chawla YK, Bodh V (March 2015). "Portal vein thrombosis". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 5 (1): 22–40. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.12.008. PMC 4415192. PMID 25941431.
  23. "Imaging of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms - - American Family Physician".
  24. Aggarwal S, Qamar A, Sharma V, Sharma A (2011). "Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review". Exp Clin Cardiol. 16 (1): 11–5. PMC 3076160. PMID 21523201.
  25. Destigter KK, Keating DP (August 2009). "Imaging update: acute colonic diverticulitis". Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 22 (3): 147–55. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1236158. PMC 2780264. PMID 20676257.
  26. Hameed AM, Lam VW, Pleass HC (February 2015). "Significant elevations of serum lipase not caused by pancreatitis: a systematic review". HPB (Oxford). 17 (2): 99–112. doi:10.1111/hpb.12277. PMC 4299384. PMID 24888393.
  27. "Imaging for Suspected Appendicitis - - American Family Physician".
  28. "CT Findings of Acute Cholecystitis and Its Complications : American Journal of Roentgenology : Vol. 194, No. 6 (AJR)".
  29. "Epididymitis and Orchitis: An Overview - - American Family Physician".
  30. Jia JB, Houshyar R, Verma S, Uchio E, Lall C (January 2016). "Prostate cancer on computed tomography: A direct comparison with multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue pathology". Eur J Radiol. 85 (1): 261–267. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.10.013. PMID 26526901.
  31. Bratt O, Lilja H (January 2015). "Serum markers in prostate cancer detection". Curr Opin Urol. 25 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000128. PMC 4315142. PMID 25393274.
  32. "Prostate Cancer (Prostate Carcinoma): Symptoms - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health".
  33. Eskicioğlu F, Özdemir AT, Turan GA, Gür EB, Kasap E, Genç M (November 2014). "The efficacy of complete blood count parameters in the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy". Ginekol. Pol. 85 (11): 823–7. PMID 25675798.
  34. Sivalingam VN, Duncan WC, Kirk E, Shephard LA, Horne AW (October 2011). "Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy". J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 37 (4): 231–40. doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0073. PMC 3213855. PMID 21727242.