Hypopharyngeal cancer pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{Faizan}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{Faizan}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are [[cells]] that are normally involved in protection of [[Digestive|aerodigestive]] [[tract]]. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of [[malignant]] [[cancer]] which has a delayed onset of clinical manifestations. Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and it spreads to other organs such as [[lungs]], [[mediastinum]], [[bones]], [[brain]], [[liver]], [[esophagus]], and [[thyroid gland]]. The metastatic invasion depends on the [[anatomic]] location of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is mostly differentiated as squamous cell carcinoma, but the undifferentiated type can be found in the pyriform sinus region. The exact pathogenesis of the hypopharyngeal cancer is not exactly understood, but the ''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'', ''[[cyclin D1]]'', ''[[NOTCH1]]'', and ''[[TP53]]'' gene mutations have been associated with the development of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is associated with sideropenic dysphagia and Paterson Brown Kelly syndrome. On gross pathology, flattened plaques, mucosal ulceration, and raised margins of the lesion are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[spindle cell]]s, basaloid cells, and nuclear atypia are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. | Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are [[cells]] that are normally involved in protection of [[Digestive|aerodigestive]] [[tract]]. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of [[malignant]] [[cancer]] which has a delayed onset of clinical manifestations. Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and it spreads to other organs such as [[lungs]], [[mediastinum]], [[bones]], [[brain]], [[liver]], [[esophagus]], and [[thyroid gland]]. The [[Metastasis|metastatic]] invasion depends on the [[anatomic]] location of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is mostly differentiated as [[squamous]] [[cell]] [[carcinoma]], but the [[undifferentiated]] type can be found in the [[Pyriform fossa|pyriform]] [[sinus]] region. The exact [[pathogenesis]] of the hypopharyngeal cancer is not exactly understood, but the ''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'', ''[[cyclin D1]]'', ''[[NOTCH1]]'', and ''[[TP53]]'' gene [[mutations]] have been associated with the [[development]] of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is associated with [[sideropenic]] [[dysphagia]] and [[Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome|Paterson]] [[Brown]] [[Kelly-Paterson syndrome|Kelly]] [[syndrome]]. On gross [[pathology]], flattened [[plaques]], [[mucosal]] [[ulceration]], and raised margins of the [[lesion]] are the characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. On [[microscopic]] [[histopathological]] analysis, [[spindle cell]]s, basaloid cells, and [[nuclear]] [[atypia]] are the characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. | *Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are [[cells]] that are normally involved in protection of [[Digestive|aerodigestive]] [[tract]]. | ||
*Development of hypopharyngeal cancer is the result of multiple genetic mutations. These mutations lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes which ultimately results in deregulated cellular proliferation. | *Development of hypopharyngeal cancer is the result of multiple [[genetic]] [[mutations]]. These [[mutations]] lead to activation of [[oncogenes]] and inactivation of [[tumor]] suppression genes which ultimately results in deregulated [[cellular]] proliferation. | ||
*Overexpression of ''[[TP53]]'' and ''[[Cyclin D1]]'' may lead to multiple primary cancers of the hypopharynx | *Overexpression of ''[[TP53]]'' and ''[[Cyclin D1]]'' may lead to multiple primary [[cancers]] of the [[hypopharynx]].<ref name="KohmuraHasegawa1999">{{cite journal|last1=Kohmura|first1=Takahide|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Yasuhisa|last3=Ogawa|first3=Tetsuya|last4=Matsuura|first4=Hidehiro|last5=Takahashi|first5=Masakatsu|last6=Yanagita|first6=Noriyuki|last7=Nakashima|first7=Tsutomu|title=Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus|journal=Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery|volume=125|issue=12|year=1999|pages=1351|issn=0886-4470|doi=10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351}}</ref> | ||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypopharyngeal cancer include:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Helliwell TR |title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=81–5 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12560383 |pmc=1769882 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="KohmuraHasegawa1999">{{cite journal|last1=Kohmura|first1=Takahide|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Yasuhisa|last3=Ogawa|first3=Tetsuya|last4=Matsuura|first4=Hidehiro|last5=Takahashi|first5=Masakatsu|last6=Yanagita|first6=Noriyuki|last7=Nakashima|first7=Tsutomu|title=Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus|journal=Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery|volume=125|issue=12|year=1999|pages=1351|issn=0886-4470|doi=10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351}}</ref> | Genes involved in the [[pathogenesis]] of hypopharyngeal cancer include:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Helliwell TR |title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=81–5 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12560383 |pmc=1769882 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="KohmuraHasegawa1999">{{cite journal|last1=Kohmura|first1=Takahide|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Yasuhisa|last3=Ogawa|first3=Tetsuya|last4=Matsuura|first4=Hidehiro|last5=Takahashi|first5=Masakatsu|last6=Yanagita|first6=Noriyuki|last7=Nakashima|first7=Tsutomu|title=Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus|journal=Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery|volume=125|issue=12|year=1999|pages=1351|issn=0886-4470|doi=10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351}}</ref> | ||
*''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'' | *''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'' | ||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
==Gross Pathology== | ==Gross Pathology== | ||
On gross pathology, hypopharyngeal cancer is characterized by:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal| author=Helliwell TR| title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 81-5 | pmid=12560383 | doi= | pmc=PMC1769882 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560383 }} </ref> | On gross [[pathology]], hypopharyngeal cancer is characterized by:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal| author=Helliwell TR| title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 81-5 | pmid=12560383 | doi= | pmc=PMC1769882 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560383 }} </ref> | ||
*Flattened plaques | *Flattened [[plaques]] | ||
*Raised margins of the lesion | *Raised margins of the lesion | ||
*Mucosal ulceration | *[[Mucosal]] [[ulceration]] | ||
*Tumor spread to [[piriform sinus]] | *[[Tumor]] spread to [[piriform sinus]] | ||
*Exophytic | *Exophytic | ||
==Microscopic Pathology== | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
On microscopic | On [[microscopic]] [[Histopathological|histopathologica]]<nowiki/>l analysis, hypopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized by:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal| author=Helliwell TR| title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 81-5 | pmid=12560383 | doi= | pmc=PMC1769882 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560383 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Spindle cell]]s | *[[Spindle cell]]s | ||
*Basaloid cells | *Basaloid [[cells]] | ||
*Nuclear atypia | *[[Nuclear]] [[atypia]] | ||
*Abundant chromatin | *Abundant [[chromatin]] | ||
==Immunohistochemistry== | ==Immunohistochemistry== | ||
There are some immunohistochemistry markers involve in the hypopharyngeal cancer:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal| author=Helliwell TR| title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 81-5 | pmid=12560383 | doi= | pmc=PMC1769882 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560383 }} </ref> | There are some [[immunohistochemistry]] markers involve in the hypopharyngeal cancer:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal| author=Helliwell TR| title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 81-5 | pmid=12560383 | doi= | pmc=PMC1769882 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560383 }} </ref> | ||
*Beta catenin positive | *Beta [[catenin]] positive | ||
*C-erbB2 negative | *C-erbB2 negative | ||
*mRNA translation initial factor positive | *[[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] translation initial factor positive | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:11, 23 January 2019
|
Hypopharyngeal cancer Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Hypopharyngeal cancer pathophysiology On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hypopharyngeal cancer pathophysiology |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypopharyngeal cancer pathophysiology |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]
Overview
Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from squamous cells, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of malignant cancer which has a delayed onset of clinical manifestations. Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and it spreads to other organs such as lungs, mediastinum, bones, brain, liver, esophagus, and thyroid gland. The metastatic invasion depends on the anatomic location of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is mostly differentiated as squamous cell carcinoma, but the undifferentiated type can be found in the pyriform sinus region. The exact pathogenesis of the hypopharyngeal cancer is not exactly understood, but the p16, cyclin D1, NOTCH1, and TP53 gene mutations have been associated with the development of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is associated with sideropenic dysphagia and Paterson Brown Kelly syndrome. On gross pathology, flattened plaques, mucosal ulceration, and raised margins of the lesion are the characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. On microscopic histopathological analysis, spindle cells, basaloid cells, and nuclear atypia are the characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer.
Pathophysiology
- Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from squamous cells, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract.
- Development of hypopharyngeal cancer is the result of multiple genetic mutations. These mutations lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes which ultimately results in deregulated cellular proliferation.
- Overexpression of TP53 and Cyclin D1 may lead to multiple primary cancers of the hypopharynx.[1]
Genetics
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypopharyngeal cancer include:[2][1]
Associated Diseases
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with:[2]
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, hypopharyngeal cancer is characterized by:[2]
- Flattened plaques
- Raised margins of the lesion
- Mucosal ulceration
- Tumor spread to piriform sinus
- Exophytic
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, hypopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized by:[2]
- Spindle cells
- Basaloid cells
- Nuclear atypia
- Abundant chromatin
Immunohistochemistry
There are some immunohistochemistry markers involve in the hypopharyngeal cancer:[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kohmura, Takahide; Hasegawa, Yasuhisa; Ogawa, Tetsuya; Matsuura, Hidehiro; Takahashi, Masakatsu; Yanagita, Noriyuki; Nakashima, Tsutomu (1999). "Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 125 (12): 1351. doi:10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351. ISSN 0886-4470.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Helliwell TR (February 2003). "acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx". J. Clin. Pathol. 56 (2): 81–5. PMC 1769882. PMID 12560383.