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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cervical leiomyoma<ref name="pmid27887011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H |title=Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity |journal=J Surg Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue=11 |pages= |date=November 2016 |pmid=27887011 |pmc=5159177 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw190 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27190823">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adaikkalam J |title=Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=EJ01–2 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27190823 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531 |url=}}</ref><ref name="HouserCarrasco1979">{{cite journal|last1=Houser|first1=L. Murray|last2=Carrasco|first2=C. H.|last3=Sheehan|first3=C. R.|title=Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=52|issue=624|year=1979|pages=992–993|issn=0007-1285|doi=10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992}}</ref><ref name="KeriakosMaher2013">{{cite journal|last1=Keriakos|first1=Remon|last2=Maher|first2=Mark|title=Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period|journal=Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=2013|year=2013|pages=1–3|issn=2090-6684|doi=10.1155/2013/984030}}</ref><ref name="pmid10775744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM |title=Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=764–9 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10775744 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cervical leiomyoma<ref name="pmid27887011">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H |title=Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity |journal=J Surg Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue=11 |pages= |date=November 2016 |pmid=27887011 |pmc=5159177 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjw190 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27190823">{{cite journal |vauthors=Adaikkalam J |title=Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix |journal=J Clin Diagn Res |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=EJ01–2 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27190823 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531 |url=}}</ref><ref name="HouserCarrasco1979">{{cite journal|last1=Houser|first1=L. Murray|last2=Carrasco|first2=C. H.|last3=Sheehan|first3=C. R.|title=Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=52|issue=624|year=1979|pages=992–993|issn=0007-1285|doi=10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992}}</ref><ref name="KeriakosMaher2013">{{cite journal|last1=Keriakos|first1=Remon|last2=Maher|first2=Mark|title=Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period|journal=Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=2013|year=2013|pages=1–3|issn=2090-6684|doi=10.1155/2013/984030}}</ref><ref name="pmid10775744">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM |title=Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=764–9 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10775744 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14960521">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH |title=Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma |journal=Gut |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=386, 430 |date=March 2004 |pmid=14960521 |pmc=1773948 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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* Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
* Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
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* Constipation
* Constipation
* Infertility
* Infertility
* Increase in pregnancy and labor complications
* Bowel obstruction
* Increase in pregnancy/labor complications
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Revision as of 01:35, 27 January 2019

Cervical cancer Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nima Nasiri, M.D.[2]

Overview

Cervical cancer must be differentiated from other diseases that cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as cervical polyp, cervical leiomyoma, invasion of the cervix from primary uterine malignancy, vaginal cancer, cervical lymphoma, metastases to cervix, and cervical ectopic pregnancy.

Cervical cancer differential diagnosis

  • Cervical cancer must be differentiated from a mass involving the cervix, and causing abnormal vaginal bleeding:
  • Metastases to the cervix
  • Cervical ectopic pregnancy
  • Cervical polyp
  • Cervicitis
  • Cervical erosion ( Ectropion )
  • IUD use
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Endometriosis
  • Adenomyosis
  • Postcoital bleeding
  • Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical exam Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Abnormal vaginal bleeding Abnormal vaginal dyscharge Pelvic pain or pressure Itching or burning of the vulva Vaginal/vulvar sores or discoloration Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms Abdominal pain Abdominal mass Fever Swollen lymph nodes Weight loss Gynecological examinations HPV Pap smear STI Panel Coagulation studies Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3
Cervical cancer[1][2]
  • Postmenopausal
  • Intermenstrual
  • Postcoital
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 + + + −
  • Dysuria
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Pain during sex

+

+ + +
Cervical polyp[3]
  • Postcoital
  • Intermenstrual
  • Postmenopausal
  • Bleeding after exam
 + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Cervical leiomyoma[4][5][6][7][8][9]
  • Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + +
  • Urinary retention
  • Constipation
  • Infertility
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Increase in pregnancy/labor complications
 +
  • Large fibroid can present as an abdominal mass
  • Large,irregular pelvic mass
  • Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells
  • Mature adipocytes
Cervical lymphoma[10]
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 + + + +
Cervical sarcoma[11]
  • Intermentrual
  • Postmenopausal
Cervical erosion(Ectropion)[12]
  • Light bleeding after pelvic exam
  • Spotting
 +
Cervicitis[13]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 + +
  • Itching
IUD use
  • Heavy bleeidng
  • Dysmenorrhea
Pelvic inflammatory diseases + +
  • Itching/burning
Endometriosis[14]
  • Heavy mentrual bleeding
 Pelvic pain/back pain
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Dysuria
  • Painful bowel movement
  • Pain during or after sex
  • Infertility
Adnemyosis[15]
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
  • Dysmenorrhea
 +
Cervical ectopic pregnancy[16]
  • Amennorhea
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
  • Soft and disporportionally enlarged uterus
DES exposure (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)[17]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 +
  • May have swollen lymph node and metastases to lung
Paget's disease of vulva to cervix[18][19]
  • Itching/burning
  • Erythematous plaques with white scaling
Vaginal cancer[20] Postcoital bleeding
Nabothian cyst

References

  1. ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.
  2. ↑ Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.
  3. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  4. ↑ Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.
  5. ↑ Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.
  6. ↑ Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.
  7. ↑ Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.
  8. ↑ Coronado GD, Marshall LM, Schwartz SM (May 2000). "Complications in pregnancy, labor, and delivery with uterine leiomyomas: a population-based study". Obstet Gynecol. 95 (5): 764–9. PMID 10775744.
  9. ↑ Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.
  10. ↑ Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.
  11. ↑ Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.
  12. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  13. ↑ Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.
  14. ↑ Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.
  15. ↑ Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.
  16. ↑ Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.
  17. ↑ Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L (May 2017). "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 20: 34–36. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008. PMC 5328756. PMID 28275694.
  18. ↑ van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.
  19. ↑ Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.
  20. ↑ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.

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