Sandbox:Zahir: Difference between revisions

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(Undo revision 1545508 by Zahir Ali Shaikh (talk))
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  | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000013470
  | doi = 10.1097/MD.0000000000013470
  | pmid = 30544435
  | pmid = 30544435
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
}}</ref>
| author = [[C. Kranl]], [[B. Zelger]], [[H. Kofler]], [[K. Heim]], [[N. Sepp]] & [[P. Fritsch]]
| title = Vulval and vaginal adenosis
| journal = [[The British journal of dermatology]]
| volume = 139
| issue = 1
| pages = 128–131
| year = 1998
| month = July
| pmid =}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Intermenstrual bleeding
* Intermenstrual bleeding
Line 864: Line 855:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Columnar cells in the ectocervix
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Columnar cells in the ectocervix
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy with histopathological examination
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy with histopathological examination
|}
==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
{|
|-
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diagnosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical examination
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! colspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal carcinoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Chiara Molinari]], [[Federica Matteucci]], [[Paola Caroli]] & [[Alessandro Passardi]]
| title = Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
| journal = [[Clinical colorectal cancer]]
| volume = 14
| issue = 4
| pages = 227–238
| year = 2015
| month = December
| doi = 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014
| pmid = 26170142
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[William Hamilton]] & [[Deborah Sharp]]
| title = Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines
| journal = [[Family practice]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 1
| pages = 99–106
| year = 2004
| month = February
| pmid = 14760054
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Wolfgang B. Gaertner]], [[Mary R. Kwaan]], [[Robert D. Madoff]] & [[Genevieve B. Melton]]
| title = Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 25
| pages = 7659–7671
| year = 2015
| month = July
| doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659
| pmid = 26167068
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[V. Raman Muthusamy]] & [[Kenneth J. Chang]]
| title = Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer
| journal = [[Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research]]
| volume = 13
| issue = 22 Pt 2
| pages = 6877s–6884s
| year = 2007
| month = November
| doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1137
| pmid = 18006793
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli]] & [[Mohammad Reza Keramati]]
| title = Rectal cancer: a review
| journal = [[Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
| volume = 29
| pages = 171
| year = 2015
| month =
| pmid = 26034724
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Left lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|LLQ]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[lethargy]]
* [[pallor]]
* [[confusion]]
* [[emaciation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[tenderness]]
* [[hepatomegaly]]
* [[ascites]]
* [[absent bowel sounds]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[rectal mass]]
* [[rectal bleeding]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[CEA|↑ CEA]]
* [[CA 19-9|↑ CA19-9]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[mass]]/[[polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Apple core apearance
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Endoscopic/trnasrectal US detects [[tumor]] extent
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determine tumor stage
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Rectal examination|DRE]] & [[proctoscopy]] detects [[tumor]] localization & extension
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Serum iron|↓ Serum iron]]
* ↓ [[Vitamin b12|Vit: B12]] & [[Folic Acid|folate]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Rectal polyp<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[N. Oshitani]], [[Y. Moriyama]], [[T. Matsumoto]], [[K. Kobayashi]] & [[A. Kitano]]
| title = Protein-losing enteropathy from cap polyposis
| journal = [[Lancet (London, England)]]
| volume = 346
| issue = 8989
| pages = 1567
| year = 1995
| month = December
| pmid = 7491082
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Ioannis Papaconstantinou]], [[Andreas Karakatsanis]], [[Xanthi Benia]], [[George Polymeneas]] & [[Evanthia Kostopoulou]]
| title = Solitary rectal cap polyp: Case report and review of the literature
| journal = [[World journal of gastrointestinal surgery]]
| volume = 4
| issue = 6
| pages = 157–162
| year = 2012
| month = June
| doi = 10.4240/wjgs.v4.i6.157
| pmid = 22816031
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Kheng-Hong Ng]], [[Pawan Mathur]], [[M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe]], [[Kong-Weng Eu]] & [[Francis Seow-Choen]]
| title = Cap polyposis: further experience and review
| journal = [[Diseases of the colon and rectum]]
| volume = 47
| issue = 7
| pages = 1208–1215
| year = 2004
| month = July
| doi = 10.1007/s10350-004-0561-8
| pmid = 15164251
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Diarrhea|Mucous diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[rectal mass]]/[[polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Polyp]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[colonoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[hypoproteinemia]]
* [[hypoalbuminemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anal cancer]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Thomas G. Trautmann]] & [[James H. Zuger]]
| title = Positron Emission Tomography for pretreatment staging and posttreatment evaluation in cancer of the anal canal
| journal = [[Molecular imaging and biology : MIB : the official publication of the Academy of Molecular Imaging]]
| volume = 7
| issue = 4
| pages = 309–313
| year = 2005
| month = July-August
| doi = 10.1007/s11307-005-0003-6
| pmid = 16028002
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[D. R. Radin]]
| title = Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and rectum in homosexual men: CT findings
| journal = [[Journal of computer assisted tomography]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 6
| pages = 921–924
| year = 1994
| month = November-December
| pmid = 7962800
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[S. D. Otto]], [[L. Lee]], [[H. J. Buhr]], [[B. Frericks]], [[S. Hocht]] & [[A. J. Kroesen]]
| title = Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
| journal = [[Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract]]
| volume = 13
| issue = 7
| pages = 1292–1298
| year = 2009
| month = July
| doi = 10.1007/s11605-009-0870-2
| pmid = 19365694
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Sajad Ahmad Salati]] & [[Azzam Al Kadi]]
| title = Anal cancer - a review
| journal = [[International journal of health sciences]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 2
| pages = 206–230
| year = 2012
| month = June
| pmid = 23580899
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[lump]]/[[mass]] at [[Anus|anal opening]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Determines [[anal cancer]] depth into [[sphincter]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Hypoattenuated [[Necrosis|necrotic]] [[mass]] on contrast [[Computed tomography|CT]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Positron emission tomography|PET]]/[[Computed tomography|CT]] detects localization of small anal [[Tumor|tumors]] <2cm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Sentinal [[lymph node]] [[biopsy]] detects [[lymph node]] [[Metastasis|metastases]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hemorrhoids]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
| title = Hemorrhoids: from basic pathophysiology to clinical management
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 17
| pages = 2009–2017
| year = 2012
| month = May
| doi = 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2009
| pmid = 22563187
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Danny Jacobs]]
| title = Clinical practice. Hemorrhoids
| journal = [[The New England journal of medicine]]
| volume = 371
| issue = 10
| pages = 944–951
| year = 2014
| month = September
| doi = 10.1056/NEJMcp1204188
| pmid = 25184866
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
| title = Approach to hemorrhoids
| journal = [[Current gastroenterology reports]]
| volume = 15
| issue = 7
| pages = 332
| year = 2013
| month = July
| doi = 10.1007/s11894-013-0332-6
| pmid = 23715885
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Varut Lohsiriwat]]
| title = Treatment of hemorrhoids: A coloproctologist's view
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 21
| issue = 31
| pages = 9245–9252
| year = 2015
| month = August
| doi = 10.3748/wjg.v21.i31.9245
| pmid = 26309351
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[fecal incontinence]]/[[Mucus|mucous]] discharge
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[weakness]],[[irritability]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[palpable]] perianal [[lump]]
* [[Rectal bleeding|Bleeding PR]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[iron deficiency anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[blood]] on [[stool]] outer surface
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Done if [[colorectal cancer]] suspected
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] + [[anoscopy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[anoscopy]] shows bulging purplish hue veins or dark, pink, glistening mass
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Rectal prolapse]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Julia Segal]] & [[Melissa M.. Tavarez]]
| title = Rectal Prolapse
| year = 2018
| month = January
| pmid = 30335341
}}</ref><ref name="pmid24352613">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordeianou L, Hicks CW, Kaiser AM, Alavi K, Sudan R, Wise PE |title=Rectal prolapse: an overview of clinical features, diagnosis, and patient-specific management strategies |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1059–69 |year=2014 |pmid=24352613 |doi=10.1007/s11605-013-2427-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28991074">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bordeianou L, Paquette I, Johnson E, Holubar SD, Gaertner W, Feingold DL, Steele SR |title=Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Rectal Prolapse |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=1121–1131 |year=2017 |pmid=28991074 |doi=10.1097/DCR.0000000000000889 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[K. M. Hiltunen]], [[M. Matikainen]], [[O. Auvinen]] & [[P. Hietanen]]
| title = Clinical and manometric evaluation of anal sphincter function in patients with rectal prolapse
| journal = [[American journal of surgery]]
| volume = 151
| issue = 4
| pages = 489–492
| year = 1986
| month = April
| pmid = 3963307
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdominal discomfort]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]/[[diarrhea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Intermittent [[rectum]] [[Rectal prolapse|protrusion]] seen
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Mucus|Mucous]]/[[blood in stool]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |May be used for [[screening]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Reveals asymmetry & any [[sphincter]] defect
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |History & [[physical examination]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] shows patulous [[anus]], attenuated [[sphincter]] tone & [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Anal [[manometry]] to assess [[sphincter]] function
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Foreign body]]<ref name="pmid9885867">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ooi BS, Ho YH, Eu KW, Nyam D, Leong A, Seow-Choen F |title=Management of anorectal foreign bodies: a cause of obscure anal pain |journal=Aust N Z J Surg |volume=68 |issue=12 |pages=852–5 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9885867 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15540301">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lake JP, Essani R, Petrone P, Kaiser AM, Asensio J, Beart RW |title=Management of retained colorectal foreign bodies: predictors of operative intervention |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1694–8 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15540301 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8681881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stack LB, Munter DW |title=Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=493–521 |date=August 1996 |pmid=8681881 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20109641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goldberg JE, Steele SR |title=Rectal foreign bodies |journal=Surg. Clin. North Am. |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=173–84, Table of Contents |date=February 2010 |pmid=20109641 |doi=10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.004 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Anorectal pain and [[abdominal pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Anxious]]
*[[Fever]]
*[[Tachycardia]]
*[[Hypotension]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Palpable foreign body
*[[Absent bowel sounds]]
*[[Signs]] of [[peritonitis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Rectal bleeding|Bleeding per rectum]]
*[[Laceration]]
*[[Mucosal]] tear
*[[Sphincter]] disruption
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Leukocytosis|Leucocytosis]]
*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contraindicated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Plain radiographs show presence of [[foreign body]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
| style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Prostatitis]]<ref name="nid">Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate. NIDDK 2016. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/prostate-problems/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on February 25, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid20704171">{{cite journal| author=Sharp VJ, Takacs EB, Powell CR| title=Prostatitis: diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 82 | issue= 4 | pages= 397-406 | pmid=20704171 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20704171  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20459324">{{cite journal| author=Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT| title=Treatment of bacterial prostatitis. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2010 | volume= 50 | issue= 12 | pages= 1641-52 | pmid=20459324 | doi=10.1086/652861 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20459324  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mark S. Litwin]] & [[Hung-Jui Tan]]
| title = The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review
| journal = [[JAMA]]
| volume = 317
| issue = 24
| pages = 2532–2542
| year = 2017
| month = June
| doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.7248
| pmid = 28655021
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |LLQ/[[groin]] pain
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness (medicine)|Tender]]/enlarged [[prostate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/↑ [[Prostate specific antigen|PSA]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Focal hypoechoic regoin in peripheral [[prostate]]
* Fluid collection suggests [[abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Edematous/enlarged [[prostate]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[prostate biopsy]] & thermograms may also be done
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↑ [[C-reactive protein|CRP]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fecal impaction]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Izi Obokhare]]
| title = Fecal impaction: a cause for concern?
| journal = [[Clinics in colon and rectal surgery]]
| volume = 25
| issue = 1
| pages = 53–58
| year = 2012
| month = March
| doi = 10.1055/s-0032-1301760
| pmid = 23449376
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[N. Gurll]] & [[M. Steer]]
| title = Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for fecal impaction
| journal = [[Diseases of the colon and rectum]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 6
| pages = 507–511
| year = 1975
| month = September
| pmid = 1081034
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Zilla H. Hussain]], [[Diana A. Whitehead]] & [[Brian E. Lacy]]
| title = Fecal impaction
| journal = [[Current gastroenterology reports]]
| volume = 16
| issue = 9
| pages = 404
| year = 2014
| month = September
| doi = 10.1007/s11894-014-0404-2
| pmid = 25119877
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Farshid Araghizadeh]]
| title = Fecal impaction
| journal = [[Clinics in colon and rectal surgery]]
| volume = 18
| issue = 2
| pages = 116–119
| year = 2005
| month = May
| doi = 10.1055/s-2005-870893
| pmid = 20011351
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[agitation]]
* [[confusion]]
* Worsening [[psychosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[abdominal distension]] with tympany
* Diffuse abdominal [[tenderness]] with palpable malleable tubular structure indicating [[stool]] filled rectosigmoid
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] shows [[fecal impaction]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Leukocytosis|Mild leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Used in softening of [[stool]] & stimulation of evacuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Presence of fecal matter in [[colon]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Digital rectal examination|DRE]] to detect [[fecal impaction]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[dehydration]]
* [[hyponatremia]]
* Hypokalemic [[metabolic alkalosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Abdomen|Abdominal]] [[Radiography|radiograph]] to detect fecal loading
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anal stenosis<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Mukta V. Katdare]] & [[Rocco Ricciardi]]
| title = Anal stenosis
| journal = [[The Surgical clinics of North America]]
| volume = 90
| issue = 1
| pages = 137–145
| year = 2010
| month = February
| doi = 10.1016/j.suc.2009.10.002
| pmid = 20109638
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Giuseppe Brisinda]], [[Serafino Vanella]], [[Federica Cadeddu]], [[Gaia Marniga]], [[Pasquale Mazzeo]], [[Francesco Brandara]] & [[Giorgio Maria]]
| title = Surgical treatment of anal stenosis
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 15
| issue = 16
| pages = 1921–1928
| year = 2009
| month = April
| pmid = 19399922
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[I. T. Khubchandani]]
| title = Anal stenosis
| journal = [[The Surgical clinics of North America]]
| volume = 74
| issue = 6
| pages = 1353–1360
| year = 1994
| month = December
| pmid = 7985070
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection shows [[stenosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Contraindicated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection with [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Incomplete evacuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Hypertrophied anal papillae<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Miyazaki]], [[M. Endoh]], [[T. Suga]], [[N. Yano]], [[T. Kuramoto]], [[Y. Matsumoto]], [[K. Eguchi]], [[M. Yagame]], [[M. Miura]] & [[Y. Nomoto]]
| title = Rheumatoid factors and glomerulonephritis
| journal = [[Clinical and experimental immunology]]
| volume = 81
| issue = 2
| pages = 250–255
| year = 1990
| month = August
| pmid = 2201469
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[J. P. Heiken]], [[G. R. Zuckerman]] & [[D. M. Balfe]]
| title = The hypertrophied anal papilla: recognition on air-contrast barium enema examinations
| journal = [[Radiology]]
| volume = 151
| issue = 2
| pages = 315–318
| year = 1984
| month = May
| doi = 10.1148/radiology.151.2.6709897
| pmid = 6709897
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Pravin-J. Gupta]]
| title = Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery?
| journal = [[World journal of gastroenterology]]
| volume = 10
| issue = 16
| pages = 2412–2414
| year = 2004
| month = August
| pmid = 15285031
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[M. Kusunoki]], [[T. Horai]], [[Y. Sakanoue]], [[H. Yanagi]], [[T. Yamamura]] & [[J. Utsunomiya]]
| title = Giant hypertrophied anal papilla. Case report
| journal = [[The European journal of surgery = Acta chirurgica]]
| volume = 157
| issue = 8
| pages = 491–492
| year = 1991
| month = August
| pmid = 1681940
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Firm & palpable [[Papilla|papillae]] on digital examination
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Mixed with [[blood]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Smooth [[polyp]] located inside [[anal verge]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Visual inspection with [[Digital rectal examination|digital examination]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Associated with [[anal fissure]] & anal skin tag
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endometriosis]]<ref name="pmid16936305">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG |title=Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=266–71 |date=January 2007 |pmid=16936305 |doi=10.1093/humrep/del339 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24647161">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hickey M, Ballard K, Farquhar C |title=Endometriosis |journal=BMJ |volume=348 |issue= |pages=g1752 |date=March 2014 |pmid=24647161 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g1752 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11158655">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woodward PJ, Sohaey R, Mezzetti TP |title=Endometriosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation |journal=Radiographics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=193–216; questionnaire 288–94 |date=2001 |pmid=11158655 |doi=10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja14193 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
* Dull [[pelvic pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Constipation]]
* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Dyschezia]]
* Bowel cramping
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness|Mild tenderness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Nodules in [[posterior fornix]]
* Adnexal masses
* [[Immobility]]
* Lateral placement of the [[cervix]] or [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Tenderness]] on [[Vagina|vaginal]] exam
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Lesion|Lesions]] can be detected on [[Ultrasound|usg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Not required
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uterine cancer|Uterine malignancy]]<ref name="pmid20424280">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ronghe R, Gaudoin M |title=Women with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding should be re-investigated but are not more likely to have endometrial cancer |journal=Menopause Int |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=9–11 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20424280 |doi=10.1258/mi.2010.010008 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10969449">{{cite journal |vauthors=Twu NF, Chen SS |title=Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding |journal=Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) |volume=63 |issue=8 |pages=628–33 |date=August 2000 |pmid=10969449 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19393600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reed SD, Newton KM, Clinton WL, Epplein M, Garcia R, Allison K, Voigt LF, Weiss NS |title=Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia |journal=Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=678.e1–6 |date=June 2009 |pmid=19393600 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2009.02.032 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pallor]]
* [[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pelvic masses|Pelvic mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vaginal bleeding]]
* Enlarged [[uterus]]
* Fixed [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Hcg]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Increased thickness of uterine wall >4mm
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Endometrial biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal pain
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Bowel habits
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood in stool
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |General appearance
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Abdominal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rectal exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Genitourinary exam
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Tumor markers
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Stool test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Colonoscopy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Barium enema
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Ultrasound
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
| style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Others
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cervical cancer|Cervical malignancy]]<ref name="pmid17826171">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiffman M, Castle PE, Jeronimo J, Rodriguez AC, Wacholder S |title=Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9590 |pages=890–907 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17826171 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pallor]]
[[Fatigue]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Pelvic masses|Pelvic mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cervix|Cervical]] growth
* [[Bleeding]]
* [[Cervix|Cervical]] stenosis
* Fixed [[uterus]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Anemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]] -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cervix|Cervical]] thickening
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Detects [[metastasis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Cone biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pelvic abscess]]<ref name="pmid6635426">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landers DV, Sweet RL |title=Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management |journal=Rev. Infect. Dis. |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=876–84 |date=1983 |pmid=6635426 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7333045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benigno BB |title=Medical and surgical management of the pelvic abscess |journal=Clin Obstet Gynecol |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=1187–97 |date=December 1981 |pmid=7333045 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Nil
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fever]]
* [[Tachycardia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Guarding]]
* Generalized [[tenderness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Fluctuating [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Vaginal discharge]] in [[Female|females]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[leucocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[FOBT]] -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Location and consistency of [[abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Location and consistency of [[abscess]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Sarcoma|Pelvic sarcoma]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Claudia M. G. Keyzer-Dekker]], [[Richard G. Houtkamp]], [[Johannes L. Peterse]] & [[Frits Van Coevorden]]
| title = Adult pelvic sarcomas: a heterogeneous collection of sarcomas?
| journal = [[Sarcoma]]
| volume = 8
| issue = 1
| pages = 19–24
| year = 2004
| month =
| doi = 10.1080/13577140410001679211
| pmid = 18521389
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Angela D. Levy]], [[Maria A. Manning]] & [[Markku M. Miettinen]]
| title = Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 2-Uncommon Sarcomas
| journal = [[Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc]]
| volume = 37
| issue = 3
| pages = 797–812
| year = 2017
| month = May-June
| doi = 10.1148/rg.2017160201
| pmid = 28493803
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Angela D. Levy]], [[Maria A. Manning]], [[Waddah B. Al-Refaie]] & [[Markku M. Miettinen]]
| title = Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1-Common Sarcomas: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives
| journal = [[Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc]]
| volume = 37
| issue = 2
| pages = 462–483
| year = 2017
| month = March-April
| doi = 10.1148/rg.2017160157
| pmid = 28287938
}}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[constipation]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL/[[Cachexia|cachetic]] with [[fever]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |presence of [[mass]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |L[[leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]]
* ↑[[Alpha-fetoprotein|AFP]]
* ↑[[Human chorionic gonadotropin|b-hCG]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |NL
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Well circusmscribed, multinodular/infiltrating [[mass]] of soft tissue attenuation
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Computed tomography|CT]]/[[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]/[[Biopsy]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Positron emission tomography|PET]] with [[Fluorodeoxyglucose|FDG]] used for staging
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |None
|}
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 23:36, 4 February 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zahir Ali Shaikh, MD[2]

Vaginal/Vulvar mass differential diagnosis

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical exam Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Abnormal

vaginal bleeding

Abnormal vaginal dyscharge Pelvic

pain

Itching or

burning of the vulva

Other Genitourinary/ Gastrointestinal symptoms B symptoms Abdominal pain Gynecological examinations Abdominal

mass

HPV Pap smear STI Panel Ultrasound MRI CT Scan
Cervical cancer[1][2][3][4][5][6] + + + +

+

+ ± ±Chlamydia T2-weighted MRI :
  • Ovoid, heterogeneous tumor distending the cervical canal with stromal involvement.
 PET/CT scan:
Cervical polyp[7]
  • Postcoital
  • Intermenstrual
  • Postmenopausal
  • Bleeding after exam
 + − − − − −
  • Mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Hyper/hypoechogenic masses with or without cysts
  • Filling the endocervical or vaginal canal
  • Epithelial cells with no nuclear atypia/mitoses
  • Hysteroscopy /Biopsy
Cervical leiomyoma[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
  • Heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + + −
  • Urinary retention
  • Constipation
  • Infertility
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Increase in pregnancy/labor complications
 − +
  • Large,irregular pelvic mass
 ±
− − −
  • Well circumscribed hyperechoic mass
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense masses
  • Homogeneous

enhancement

  • Red degeneration
  • Spindle shaped smooth muscle cells
  • Mature adipocytes
  • Extracellular matrix consist of collagen,fibronectin.
  • Clinical diagnosis/ and
  • Ultrasound
Cervical lymphoma[16][17]
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 − + −
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Post-coital pain
 + +
  • Larrge uterine/cervix mass
  • Irregularity
 + − − −
  • Well-defined, solid, concentric, hypoechoic mass
  • Small tumor cells with large nuclei
  • High mitoses and proliferation
  • Biopsy
Cervical sarcoma[18]
  • Intermentrual
  • Postmenopausal
 ± + −
  • Post-coital pain
  • Fullness in pelvic
 ± +
  • Cervical mass
  • Lump protruding from vagina/vulva
 + − − −
  • Biopsy
Cervical erosion(Ectropion)[19][20][21]
  • Light bleeding after pelvic exam
  • Spotting
 + + ±
  • Post-coital pain
  • Painful cramps
  • Pain after sex
 − + − − − −
Cervicitis[22][23]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 + +
  • Itching
  • Pain during urination
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • May have fever only
  • Red,inflammed swollen cervix
  • Inflammation/irritation of vulva/vagina
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Herpes simplex
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
IUD use[24]
  • Heavy bleeidng
 ± +
  • Itching
  • Painful menstruation
 − − − − ±
Pelvic inflammatory diseases[25]
  • Bleeding after sex
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
 + +
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain during sex
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning sensation during urination
  • Pain during bowel movement
  • Fever
 ±Abdominal

pain

  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal/vulvar tender lesion depending on microbial cause
 − − −
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
Endometriosis[26][27][28][29]
  • Heavy mentrual bleeding
 ±
  • Pelvic pain
  • Back pain
 −
  • Painful menstruation
  • Burning/painful urination
  • Painful bowel movement
  • Pain during or after sex
  • Infertility
 − +
  • Tender uterosacral nodularity
  • Immobile uterus
  • Cervical motion tenderness
  • Retroverted uterus
 − − −
  • Visual inspection by laparascopy
Adenomyosis[30]
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
 − + −
  • Painful menstruation
 −
  • Polypoid mass protruding into the endocervical canal.
 − − −
Cervical ectopic pregnancy[31]
  • Amennorhea
  • Bleeding after pelvic exam
 − − −
  • Pelvic pain
 − +
  • Soft and disporportionally enlarged uterus.
 − −
  • Empty uterine
  • Thickened endometrium
 T2-weighted MRI:
  • Hypointense large mass

T1-weighted MRI:

  • Partially hyperintense mass
  • Necrotic hemorrhagic mass with chorionic villus
  • Hysterectomy and biopsy
DES exposure (Clear cell adenocarcinoma)[32]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − − −
Paget's disease of vulva to cervix[33][34][35]
  • Bleeding from lesion
  • Oozing
 ± −
  • Itching/burning
  • Pain in vulva
 − −
−
  • Scaly eczematoid lesion in vulva.
  • Erythematous plaques with white scaling.
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy in case of metastases.
 − − − −
  • Intraepidermal adenocarcinoma which involves epidermis
  • Biopsy of lesion
Vaginal cancer[36]
  • Postcoital bleeding

+

  • Tenesmus
  • Dysuria
  • Urinary frequency
  • Constipation
  • Pelvic pain
  • Vaginal lump
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy
 − − −
Nabothian cyst[37][38][39]
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + − −
  • Pain during sex
 −
  • Cystic mass on exam
 − − − −
  • Intermediate or slightly high signal intensity on T1-weighted
  • High signal intensity on T2-weighted images
Rectal cancer[40][41][42][43][44] - - + -
  • Constipation/diarrhea
  • Absent bowel sounds
  • Rectal mass/bleeding
  • Abdominal tenderness
 Weight loss + LLQ + NL + - - +/- Endoscopic/transrectal US detects tumor extent Determine tumor stage Determine tumor stage
  • Sheets or cords of malignant cells
  • Cellular atypia & pleomorphism
  • High mitotic rate
  • Necrotic debris in glandular lumina
 Colonoscopy with biopsy
Submucous uterine leiomyoma[45][46][47] Menorrhagia - + -
  • Constipation
  • Urinary frequency/incontinence
  • Hydronephrosis
 - + Enlarged, irregular, firm, nontender uterus + - - -
  • Trans vaginal US: well defined hypoechoic
  • Saline US: for submucous fibroids/polypoi
 Provides information on no: of fibroids, size, vascularization, relationship with endometrial cavity & serosal surface Not required Not required Physical examination with Ultrasound
Uterine cancer[48][49][50][51]
  • Menometorrhagia
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postcoital bleeding
 + + -
  • Polyuria
  • Dysuria
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
 +
  • Enlarged uterus
  • Lymphadenpathy
  • Mesenteric nodules (metastases)
 + - - - Thickened endometrial lining >4cm
  • Endometrial thickening
  • Lymph node involvement
  • Pelvic metastases
 Not required
  • Endometrial malignant cells
  • Low grade type 1
  • High grade type 2
 Histologic diagnosis
Vaginal lymphoma[52][53][54] + + + + Abdominal/pelvic pain - + Palpable mass between rectum & vagina +/- - - - Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Diffuse mass in external cervical orifice & invading the vagina Not required CD20 & CD79a positive Immunohistochemistry & biopsy
Vaginal polyp[55][56][57][58] Postmenopausal bleeding + + +
  • Dysperunia
  • Postcoidal bleeding
  • Dysuria
  • Constipation
 - + Mass protruding from vagina +/- - - - To exclude uterine hyperplasia/carcinoma To determine the extent N/A Benign tissue/premalignant cells Excisional biopsy
Vaginal adenosis[59][60]
  • Intermenstrual bleeding
  • Postmenopausal bleeding
 +/- +/- +/- - - - Palpable cysts,nodularity or ulcers - - - - N/A N/A N/A Columnar cells in the ectocervix Biopsy with histopathological examination

Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].

Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]

On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].

Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Gold standard Additional findings Others
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging
Abdominal pain Bowel habits Blood in stool Weight loss General appearance Abdominal exam Rectal exam Genitourinary exam CBC Tumor markers Stool test Colonoscopy Barium enema Ultrasound CT scan
Rectal carcinoma[61][62][63][64][65] LLQ Constipation/diarrhea + + NL Anemia FOBT+ mass/polyp Apple core apearance Endoscopic/trnasrectal US detects tumor extent Determine tumor stage colonoscopy with biopsy DRE & proctoscopy detects tumor localization & extension
Rectal polyp[66][67][68] + Mucous diarrhea + + NL NL rectal mass/polyp NL NL/anemia NL FOBT+ Polyp N/A Polyp N/A colonoscopy with biopsy N/A
Anal cancer[69][70][71][72] +/- constipation/diarrhea + +/- NL NL lump/mass at anal opening NL NL/anemia N/A FOBT+ N/A N/A Determines anal cancer depth into sphincter Hypoattenuated necrotic mass on contrast CT Biopsy PET/CT detects localization of small anal tumors <2cm Sentinal lymph node biopsy detects lymph node metastases
Hemorrhoids[73][74][75][76] +/- fecal incontinence/mucous discharge + - NL/weakness,irritability NL NL iron deficiency anemia N/A blood on stool outer surface Done if colorectal cancer suspected N/A N/A N/A DRE + anoscopy anoscopy shows bulging purplish hue veins or dark, pink, glistening mass None
Rectal prolapse[77][78][79][80] Abdominal discomfort constipation/diarrhea +/- - NL NL Intermittent rectum protrusion seen NL NL/anemia N/A Mucous/blood in stool May be used for screening N/A Reveals asymmetry & any sphincter defect N/A History & physical examination DRE shows patulous anus, attenuated sphincter tone & mass Anal manometry to assess sphincter function
Foreign body[81][82][83][84] Anorectal pain and abdominal pain Constipation + - NL NL FOBT+ Foreign body Contraindicated Foreign body Foreign body Plain radiographs show presence of foreign body NL NL
Diseases Abdominal pain Bowel habits Blood in stool Weight loss General appearance Abdominal exam Rectal exam Genitourinary exam CBC Tumor markers Stool test Colonoscopy Barium enema Ultrasound CT scan Gold standard Additional findings Others
Prostatitis[85][86][87][88] LLQ/groin pain NL N/A - NL NL NL Tender/enlarged prostate leukocytosis NL/↑ PSA N/A N/A N/A
  • Focal hypoechoic regoin in peripheral prostate
  • Fluid collection suggests abscess
 Edematous/enlarged prostate N/A prostate biopsy & thermograms may also be done ↑ CRP
Fecal impaction[89][90][91][92] + constipation - +/- DRE shows fecal impaction NL Mild leukocytosis N/A N/A N/A Used in softening of stool & stimulation of evacuation N/A Presence of fecal matter in colon DRE to detect fecal impaction Abdominal radiograph to detect fecal loading
Anal stenosis[93][94][95] + constipation + +/- NL NL Visual inspection shows stenosis NL NL N/A NL Contraindicated N/A N/A N/A Visual inspection with DRE Incomplete evacuation None
Hypertrophied anal papillae[96][97][98][99] - NL +/- - NL NL Firm & palpable papillae on digital examination NL NL N/A Mixed with blood N/A Smooth polyp located inside anal verge N/A N/A Visual inspection with digital examination Associated with anal fissure & anal skin tag None
Endometriosis[100][101][102] +/- Constipation - - Fatigue Mild tenderness Nodules in posterior fornix Tenderness on vaginal exam Anemia - - N/A N/A Lesions can be detected on usg Not required N/A N/A N/A
Uterine malignancy[103][104][105] - NL - + Pallor NL Pelvic mass Vaginal bleeding Anemia Hcg - N/A N/A Increased thickness of uterine wall >4mm N/A Endometrial biopsy N/A N/A
Diseases Abdominal pain Bowel habits Blood in stool Weight loss General appearance Abdominal exam Rectal exam Genitourinary exam CBC Tumor markers Stool test Colonoscopy Barium enema Ultrasound CT scan Gold standard Additional findings Others
Cervical malignancy[106] - Normal - + Pallor

Fatigue

NL Pelvic mass Anemia N/A FOBT - N/A N/A Cervical thickening Detects metastasis Cone biopsy N/A N/A
Pelvic abscess[107][108] + Nil - +/- Fluctuating mass Vaginal discharge in females leucocytosis - FOBT - N/A N/A Location and consistency of abscess Location and consistency of abscess N/A N/A N/A
Pelvic sarcoma[109][110][111] + NL/constipation +/- +/- NL/cachetic with fever presence of mass NL N/A Lleukocytosis NL N/A N/A N/A Well circusmscribed, multinodular/infiltrating mass of soft tissue attenuation CT/MRI/Biopsy PET with FDG used for staging None

References

  1. ↑ Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (January 2013). "Symptoms and risk factors to identify women with suspected cancer in primary care: derivation and validation of an algorithm". Br J Gen Pract. 63 (606): e11–21. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X660733. PMC 3529288. PMID 23336450.
  2. ↑ Dunyo, Priscilla; Effah, Kofi; Udofia, Emilia Asuquo (2018). "Factors associated with late presentation of cervical cancer cases at a district hospital: a retrospective study". BMC Public Health. 18 (1). doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6065-6. ISSN 1471-2458.
  3. ↑ Khalife D, El Housheimi A, Khalil A, Saba C S, Seoud M, Rammal R, Abdallah IE, Abdallah R (February 2019). "Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 27: 38–41. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2018.12.006. PMC 6302027. PMID 30603660. Vancouver style error: name (help)
  4. ↑ . doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000498. Check |doi= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Brenner PF (September 1996). "Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175 (3 Pt 2): 766–9. PMID 8828559.
  6. ↑ Alcázar, Juan Luis; Arribas, Sara; Mínguez, José Angel; Jurado, Matías (2014). "The Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Uterine Cervical Cancer". The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 64 (5): 311–316. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0622-4. ISSN 0971-9202.
  7. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  8. ↑ Al-Habib A, Elgamal EA, Aldhahri S, Alokaili R, AlShamrani R, Abobotain A, AlRaddadi K, Alkhalidi H (November 2016). "Large primary leiomyoma causing progressive cervical deformity". J Surg Case Rep. 2016 (11). doi:10.1093/jscr/rjw190. PMC 5159177. PMID 27887011.
  9. ↑ Adaikkalam J (April 2016). "Lipoleiomyoma of Cervix". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (4): EJ01–2. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16505.7531. PMID 27190823.
  10. ↑ Houser, L. Murray; Carrasco, C. H.; Sheehan, C. R. (1979). "Lipomatous tumour of the uterus: radiographic and ultrasonic appearance". The British Journal of Radiology. 52 (624): 992–993. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-52-624-992. ISSN 0007-1285.
  11. ↑ Keriakos, Remon; Maher, Mark (2013). "Management of Cervical Fibroid during the Reproductive Period". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013: 1–3. doi:10.1155/2013/984030. ISSN 2090-6684.
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  13. ↑ Kamra, Hemlata T (2013). "Myxoid Leiomyoma of Cervix". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2013/6171.3805. ISSN 2249-782X.
  14. ↑ El-agwany, Ahmed Samy (2015). "Lipoleiomyoma of the uterine cervix: An unusual variant of uterine leiomyoma". The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 46 (1): 211–213. doi:10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.10.001. ISSN 0378-603X.
  15. ↑ Chaparala RP, Fawole AS, Ambrose NS, Chapman AH (March 2004). "Large bowel obstruction due to a benign uterine leiomyoma". Gut. 53 (3): 386, 430. PMC 1773948. PMID 14960521.
  16. ↑ Grace A, O'Connell N, Byrne P, Prendiville W, O'Donnell R, Royston D, Walsh CB, Leader M, Kay E (1999). "Malignant lymphoma of the cervix. An unusual presentation and a rare disease". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 20 (1): 26–8. PMID 10422676.
  17. ↑ Kanaan, Daniel; Parente, Daniella Braz; Constantino, Carolina Pesce Lamas; Souza, Rodrigo Canellas de (2012). "Linfoma de colo de útero: achados na ressonância magnética". Radiologia Brasileira. 45 (3): 167–169. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842012000300009. ISSN 0100-3984.
  18. ↑ Wright JD, Rosenblum K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Rader JS, Powell MA, Gibb RK (November 2005). "Cervical sarcomas: an analysis of incidence and outcome". Gynecol. Oncol. 99 (2): 348–51. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.06.021. PMID 16051326.
  19. ↑ Mitchell L, King M, Brillhart H, Goldstein A (September 2017). "Cervical Ectropion May Be a Cause of Desquamative Inflammatory Vaginitis". Sex Med. 5 (3): e212–e214. doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2017.03.001. PMC 5562466. PMID 28460993.
  20. ↑ Mitchell H (May 2004). "Vaginal discharge--causes, diagnosis, and treatment". BMJ. 328 (7451): 1306–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7451.1306. PMC 420177. PMID 15166070.
  21. ↑ Sharma, Abhishek; Ojha, Ranapratap; Sengupta, Parama; Chattopadhyay, Sarbani; Mondal, Soumit (2013). "Cervical intramural pregnancy: Report of a rare case". Nigerian Medical Journal. 54 (4): 271. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119670. ISSN 0300-1652.
  22. ↑ Mattson SK, Polk JP, Nyirjesy P (July 2016). "Chronic Cervicitis: Presenting Features and Response to Therapy". J Low Genit Tract Dis. 20 (3): e30–3. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000225. PMID 27243142.
  23. ↑ Rosenfeld WD, Clark J (June 1989). "Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 36 (3): 489–511. PMID 2660084.
  24. ↑ Trobough GE (March 1978). "Pelvic pain and the IUD". J Reprod Med. 20 (3): 167–74. PMID 347074.
  25. ↑ Hoenderboom BM, van Benthem B, van Bergen J, Dukers-Muijrers N, Götz HM, Hoebe C, Hogewoning AA, Land JA, van der Sande M, Morré SA, van den Broek I (January 2019). "Relation between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility in a Dutch cohort of women previously tested for chlamydia in a chlamydia screening trial". Sex Transm Infect. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2018-053778. PMID 30606817. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  26. ↑ Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (June 2010). "Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 53 (2): 413–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8. PMC 2880548. PMID 20436318.
  27. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  28. ↑ Datta S, Kunde K (July 2008). "From vaginal discharge to endometriosis: an unusual case of endometriosis in pregnancy". J Obstet Gynaecol. 28 (5): 552–3. doi:10.1080/01443610802247352. PMID 18850447.
  29. ↑ Chamié, Luciana Pardini; Blasbalg, Roberto; Pereira, Ricardo Mendes Alves; Warmbrand, Gisele; Serafini, Paulo Cesar (2011). "Findings of Pelvic Endometriosis at Transvaginal US, MR Imaging, and Laparoscopy". RadioGraphics. 31 (4): E77–E100. doi:10.1148/rg.314105193. ISSN 0271-5333.
  30. ↑ Filip G, Balzano A, Cagnacci A (November 2018). "Histological evaluation of the prevalence of adenomyosis, myomas and of their concomitance". Minerva Ginecol. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04291-0. PMID 30486633.
  31. ↑ Mouhajer M, Obed S, Okpala AM (June 2017). "Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy in Resource Deprived Areas: A Rare and Difficult Diagnosis". Ghana Med J. 51 (2): 94–97. PMC 5611908. PMID 28955106.
  32. ↑ Tantitamit T, Hamontri S, Rangsiratanakul L (May 2017). "Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in second generation young women who are without maternal exposure to diethylstilbestrol: A case report". Gynecol Oncol Rep. 20: 34–36. doi:10.1016/j.gore.2017.02.008. PMC 5328756. PMID 28275694.
  33. ↑ van der Linden, M.; Meeuwis, K.A.P.; Bulten, J.; Bosse, T.; van Poelgeest, M.I.E.; de Hullu, J.A. (2016). "Paget disease of the vulva". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 101: 60–74. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.008. ISSN 1040-8428.
  34. ↑ Lloyd J, Evans DJ, Flanagan AM (July 1999). "Extension of extramammary Paget disease of the vulva to the cervix". J. Clin. Pathol. 52 (7): 538–40. PMC 501500. PMID 10605411.
  35. ↑ Shaco-Levy R, Bean SM, Vollmer RT, Papalas JA, Bentley RC, Selim MA, Robboy SJ (January 2010). "Paget disease of the vulva: a histologic study of 56 cases correlating pathologic features and disease course". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181b1cc5e. PMID 19952933.
  36. ↑ Tarney CM, Han J (2014). "Postcoital bleeding: a review on etiology, diagnosis, and management". Obstet Gynecol Int. 2014: 192087. doi:10.1155/2014/192087. PMC 4086375. PMID 25045355.
  37. ↑ Casey PM, Long ME, Marnach ML (February 2011). "Abnormal cervical appearance: what to do, when to worry?". Mayo Clin. Proc. 86 (2): 147–50, quiz 151. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0512. PMC 3031439. PMID 21270291.
  38. ↑ Bin Park, Sung; Lee, Jong Hwa; Lee, Young Ho; Song, Mi Jin; Choi, Hye Jeong (2010). "Multilocular Cystic Lesions in the Uterine Cervix: Broad Spectrum of Imaging Features and Pathologic Correlation". American Journal of Roentgenology. 195 (2): 517–523. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3619. ISSN 0361-803X.
  39. ↑ Okamoto, Yoshikazu; Tanaka, Yumiko O.; Nishida, Masato; Tsunoda, Hajime; Yoshikawa, Hiroyuki; Itai, Yuji (2003). "MR Imaging of the Uterine Cervix: Imaging-Pathologic Correlation". RadioGraphics. 23 (2): 425–445. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. ISSN 0271-5333.
  40. ↑ Chiara Molinari, Federica Matteucci, Paola Caroli & Alessandro Passardi (2015). "Biomarkers and Molecular Imaging as Predictors of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer". Clinical colorectal cancer. 14 (4): 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.05.014. PMID 26170142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ William Hamilton & Deborah Sharp (2004). "Diagnosis of colorectal cancer in primary care: the evidence base for guidelines". Family practice. 21 (1): 99–106. PMID 14760054. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  42. ↑ Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Mary R. Kwaan, Robert D. Madoff & Genevieve B. Melton (2015). "Rectal cancer: An evidence-based update for primary care providers". World journal of gastroenterology. 21 (25): 7659–7671. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7659. PMID 26167068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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