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The most potent risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection. Other risk factors include [[smoking]], increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse.
The most potent risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection. Other risk factors include [[smoking]], increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factor==
 
:Common risk factors associated with cervical cancer include:
* '''Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection:'''
:* Infection with high risk HPV.
:*The presence of strains 16, 18 and 31 is the prime [[risk factor]] for cervical cancer, and
:* Multiple sexual partners or a male partner with multiple previous or current sexual partners
 
:* Young age at first intercourse
* Other risk factors for cervical cancer include the following: <ref name="pmid30212064">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JJ, Burger EA, Regan C, Sy S |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30212064 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30172799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tatar O, Thompson E, Naz A, Perez S, Shapiro GK, Wade K, Zimet G, Gilca V, Janda M, Kahn J, Daley E, Rosberger Z |title=Factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) test acceptability in primary screening for cervical cancer: A mixed methods research synthesis |journal=Prev Med |volume=116 |issue= |pages=40–50 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30172799 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.034 |url=}}</ref>
:* Smoking
::* '''Smoking''': Among women who are infected with [[HPV]], [[smoking]] cigarettes slightly increases the risk of cervical cancer.
:* High parity
 
:* Immunosupression
::* '''HIV infection''': Infection with [[HIV]] (the virus that causes [[AIDS]]) or taking drugs that suppress the [[immune system]] increases the risk of cervical cancer.  
:* HLA subtypes
 
:* Use of oral contraceptives
::* '''Increased number of sexual partners''': Women who have had many sexual partners have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Also, a woman who has had sex with a man who has had many sexual partners may be at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. In both cases, the risk of developing cervical cancer is higher because these women have a higher risk of HPV infection.
:* In utero exposure of '''DES (diethylstilbestrol)'''
 
:* Vaginal or vulvar cancer  
::* '''Young age at time of first sexual intercourse''': Having unprotected sex, especially at a young age, makes HPV infection more likely.
 
::* '''Hormonal contraception''': Using birth control pills for a long time (5 or more years) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection. However, the risk decreases quickly when women stop using birth control pills.
 
::* '''High parity''': Studies suggest that giving birth to many children (5 or more) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection.
 
::* '''DES (diethylstilbestrol)''': [[DES]] may increase the risk of a rare form of cervical cancer in daughters exposed to this drug before birth. DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States between about 1940 and 1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.)
::* Early onset of sexual activity
::* Multiple sexual partners, a high-risk sexual partner,
::* History of sexually transmitted infections,
::* History of vulvar or vaginal squamous intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:34, 11 February 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Other risk factors include smoking, increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse.

Risk Factor

Common risk factors associated with cervical cancer include:
  • Infection with high risk HPV.
  • Multiple sexual partners or a male partner with multiple previous or current sexual partners
  • Young age at first intercourse
  • Smoking
  • High parity
  • Immunosupression
  • HLA subtypes
  • Use of oral contraceptives
  • In utero exposure of DES (diethylstilbestrol)
  • Vaginal or vulvar cancer

References

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