Mediastinal mass: Difference between revisions
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{{Mediastinal mass}} | {{Mediastinal mass}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Trusha}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Trusha}} | ||
{{SK}} Mediastinal enlargement; mass in the mediastinum | {{SK}} Mediastinal enlargement; mass in the mediastinum | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[mediastinum]] is a non-delineated group of structures in the [[Thorax|thorax (chest)]], surrounded by [[loose connective tissue]]. It is the central [[Compartment (anatomy)|compartment]] of the [[thoracic cavity]]. It contains the [[heart]], the [[great vessels]] of the [[heart]], [[esophagus]], [[trachea]], [[thymus]], and [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] of the [[Mediastinum|central chest]]. A wide variety of [[Mediastinal mass causes|diseases]] involving these organs can present as a mediastinal mass or widening of the [[mediastinum]] on [[imaging studies]]. Mediastinal widening is diagnosed by the [[mediastinum]] measuring greater than 8 cm in width on [[Chest x-ray|PA chest x-ray]]. The mediastinal mass may present with [[Symptom|symptoms]] caused by the [[Tumor|mass]] pressing against other [[Mediastinum|mediastinal structures]] or even without any [[Symptom|symptoms]]. | The [[mediastinum]] is a non-delineated group of structures in the [[Thorax|thorax (chest)]], surrounded by [[loose connective tissue]]. It is the central [[Compartment (anatomy)|compartment]] of the [[thoracic cavity]]. It contains the [[heart]], the [[great vessels]] of the [[heart]], [[esophagus]], [[trachea]], [[thymus]], and [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] of the [[Mediastinum|central chest]]. A wide variety of [[Mediastinal mass causes|diseases]] involving these organs can present as a mediastinal mass or widening of the [[mediastinum]] on [[imaging studies]]. Mediastinal widening is diagnosed by the [[mediastinum]] measuring greater than 8 cm in width on [[Chest x-ray|PA chest x-ray]]. The mediastinal mass may present with [[Symptom|symptoms]] caused by the [[Tumor|mass]] pressing against other [[Mediastinum|mediastinal structures]] or even without any [[Symptom|symptoms]]. On the basis of [[Computed tomography|cross sectional imaging]], [[mediastinum]] can be divided into 3 groups: [[Anterior mediastinum|Prevascular]], [[Middle mediastinum|visceral]] and [[Posterior mediastinum|paravertebral]]. | ||
==Anatomy of mediastinum== | ==Anatomy of mediastinum== | ||
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* It extends from the [[sternum]] in front to the [[vertebral column]] behind, and contains all the [[Chest|thoracic]] [[viscera]] except the [[lungs]]. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts: | * It extends from the [[sternum]] in front to the [[vertebral column]] behind, and contains all the [[Chest|thoracic]] [[viscera]] except the [[lungs]]. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts: | ||
** '''Superior mediastinum:''' Above the upper level of the [[pericardium]], which is named the ''[[superior mediastinum]]'' with its [[superior]] limit at the [[Superior thoracic aperture|superior thoracic opening]] and its [[Anatomical terms of location|inferior]] limit at the plane from the [[sternal angle]] to the [[Thoracic vertebrae|disc of T4-T5]] (Plane of Ludwig) | |||
** '''Inferior mediastinum''': Below the upper level of the [[pericardium]]. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts: | |||
*** In front of the pericardium, the ''[[anterior mediastinum]]'' | |||
*** Containing the pericardium and its contents, the ''[[middle mediastinum]]'' | |||
*** Behind the pericardium, the ''[[posterior mediastinum]]'' | |||
*** It is surrounded by the [[Thoracic cavity|chest wall]] [[Anatomical terms of location|anteriorly]], the [[Lung|lungs]] [[Lateral|laterally]] and the [[Vertebral column|spine]] [[Anatomical terms of location|posteriorly]]. | |||
*** It is continuous with the [[loose connective tissue]] of the [[neck]], and extends [[Anatomical terms of location|inferiorly]] into the [[Diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]]. | |||
* | * Note that clinical radiologists and anatomists categorize the mediastinum in slightly different ways. | ||
* The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) has developed a new scheme to divide [[Mediastinum|mediastinal cavity]] on the basis of [[Computed tomography|cross sectional imaging]] for better [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] and [[Therapy|therapeutic]] purposes.<ref name="CarterBenveniste2017">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Brett W.|last2=Benveniste|first2=Marcelo F.|last3=Madan|first3=Rachna|last4=Godoy|first4=Myrna C.|last5=de Groot|first5=Patricia M.|last6=Truong|first6=Mylene T.|last7=Rosado-de-Christenson|first7=Melissa L.|last8=Marom|first8=Edith M.|title=ITMIG Classification of Mediastinal Compartments and Multidisciplinary Approach to Mediastinal Masses|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=37|issue=2|year=2017|pages=413–436|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.2017160095}}</ref> | * The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) has developed a new scheme to divide [[Mediastinum|mediastinal cavity]] on the basis of [[Computed tomography|cross sectional imaging]] for better [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] and [[Therapy|therapeutic]] purposes.<ref name="CarterBenveniste2017">{{cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Brett W.|last2=Benveniste|first2=Marcelo F.|last3=Madan|first3=Rachna|last4=Godoy|first4=Myrna C.|last5=de Groot|first5=Patricia M.|last6=Truong|first6=Mylene T.|last7=Rosado-de-Christenson|first7=Melissa L.|last8=Marom|first8=Edith M.|title=ITMIG Classification of Mediastinal Compartments and Multidisciplinary Approach to Mediastinal Masses|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=37|issue=2|year=2017|pages=413–436|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.2017160095}}</ref> | ||
** [[Anterior mediastinum|Prevascular (anterior)]] | ** [[Anterior mediastinum|Prevascular (anterior)]] | ||
Revision as of 15:48, 19 February 2019
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Mediastinal mass Microchapters |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[2]
Synonyms and keywords: Mediastinal enlargement; mass in the mediastinum
Overview
The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. A wide variety of diseases involving these organs can present as a mediastinal mass or widening of the mediastinum on imaging studies. Mediastinal widening is diagnosed by the mediastinum measuring greater than 8 cm in width on PA chest x-ray. The mediastinal mass may present with symptoms caused by the mass pressing against other mediastinal structures or even without any symptoms. On the basis of cross sectional imaging, mediastinum can be divided into 3 groups: Prevascular, visceral and paravertebral.
Anatomy of mediastinum
- The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest.
- It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:
- Superior mediastinum: Above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig)
- Inferior mediastinum: Below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts:
- In front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum
- Containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum
- Behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum
- It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly.
- It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly into the diaphragm.
- Note that clinical radiologists and anatomists categorize the mediastinum in slightly different ways.
- The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) has developed a new scheme to divide mediastinal cavity on the basis of cross sectional imaging for better diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.[1]
| International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) Classification of Mediastinum | ||
|---|---|---|
| Compartments | Boundaries | Components |
| Prevascular |
|
|
| Visceral |
|
Non vascular:
Vascular:
|
| Paravertebral |
|
|
| Adapted from Radiographics | ||
References
- ↑ Carter, Brett W.; Benveniste, Marcelo F.; Madan, Rachna; Godoy, Myrna C.; de Groot, Patricia M.; Truong, Mylene T.; Rosado-de-Christenson, Melissa L.; Marom, Edith M. (2017). "ITMIG Classification of Mediastinal Compartments and Multidisciplinary Approach to Mediastinal Masses". RadioGraphics. 37 (2): 413–436. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160095. ISSN 0271-5333.