Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Differentiating Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma from other Diseases==
[[Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]] must be differentiated from other [[B cell]] [[lymphoid]] [[neoplasms]] including:
[[Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]] must be differentiated from other [[B cell]] [[lymphoid]] [[neoplasms]]  
 
*[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]/[[small lymphocytic lymphoma]]:
:*Always express [[CD5]].
:*Usually [[CD23]] positive.<ref name="CLL">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, Caligaris-Cappio F, Dighiero G, Döhner H, Hillmen P, Keating MJ, Montserrat E, Rai KR, Kipps TJ |title=Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines |journal=Blood |volume=111 |issue=12 |pages=5446–56 |year=2008 |pmid=18216293 |pmc=2972576 |doi=10.1182/blood-2007-06-093906 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia]]:
:*Express bright surface [[Immunoglobulin M|IgM]], [[CD20]] and other [[B-cell]] [[antigens]] ([[CD19]], [[CD22]], [[CD79a]], [[FMC7]]).<ref name=",m">{{cite journal |vauthors=Del Giudice I, Davis Z, Matutes E, Osuji N, Parry-Jones N, Morilla A, Brito-Babapulle V, Oscier D, Catovsky D |title=IgVH genes mutation and usage, ZAP-70 and CD38 expression provide new insights on B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL) |journal=Leukemia |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1231–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16642047 |doi=10.1038/sj.leu.2404238 |url=}}</ref><ref name="njl">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ravandi F, O'Brien S |title=Chronic lymphoid leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis and treatment |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=80 |issue=12 |pages=1660–74 |year=2005 |pmid=16342661 |doi=10.4065/80.12.1660 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Follicular lymphoma]]:
:*Express [[CD10]], [[HLA-DR]], pan [[B-cell]] [[antigens]] ([[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD79a]]), [[CD21]], and surface [[IgM]], [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], or [[IgA]].
:*Rearrangement of [[Bcl-2|Bcl-2.]]<ref name="FL">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karube K, Guo Y, Suzumiya J, Sugita Y, Nomura Y, Yamamoto K, Shimizu K, Yoshida S, Komatani H, Takeshita M, Kikuchi M, Nakamura N, Takasu O, Arakawa F, Tagawa H, Seto M, Ohshima K |title=CD10-MUM1+ follicular lymphoma lacks BCL2 gene translocation and shows characteristic biologic and clinical features |journal=Blood |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=3076–9 |year=2007 |pmid=17138820 |doi=10.1182/blood-2006-09-045989 |url=}}</ref><ref name="FL1">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson KC, Bates MP, Slaughenhoupt BL, Pinkus GS, Schlossman SF, Nadler LM |title=Expression of human B cell-associated antigens on leukemias and lymphomas: a model of human B cell differentiation |journal=Blood |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1424–33 |year=1984 |pmid=6609729 |doi= |url=}}
:*Bone marrow infiltration of small, cleaved cells that are usually paratrabecular
</ref>
 
*[[Multiple myeloma]]:
:*Express [[CD138]], [[CD38]], [[CD79a]], VS38c and [[CD56]] (70%)
:*Presence of plasmacytic cell infiltration of [[bone marrow]], osteolytic lesions, and [[renal insufficiency]]
:*[[Translocation]] involving [[chromosome 11]] (t11;14)<ref name="UTD">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pangalis GA, Kyrtsonis MC, Kontopidou FN, Vassilakopoulos TP, Siakantaris MP, Dimopoulou MN, Kittas C, Angelopoulou MK |title=Differential diagnosis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia from other low-grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders |journal=Semin. Oncol. |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=201–5 |year=2003 |pmid=12720136 |doi=10.1053/sonc.2003.50046 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Mantle cell lymphoma]]:
:* Expresses [[CD5]]+ and [[CD23]]+
:* Expresses surface [[IgM]], [[IgD]], and [[cyclin D1]] in majority of cases
:*Infiltration of [[bone marrow]] by monomorphous small [[lymphoid]] cells with irregular [[nuclei]]<ref name="MCL">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dorfman DM, Pinkus GS |title=Distinction between small lymphocytic and mantle cell lymphoma by immunoreactivity for CD23 |journal=Mod. Pathol. |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=326–31 |year=1994 |pmid=8058704 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="MCL1">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiRaimondo F, Albitar M, Huh Y, O'Brien S, Montillo M, Tedeschi A, Kantarjian H, Lerner S, Giustolisi R, Keating M |title=The clinical and diagnostic relevance of CD23 expression in the chronic lymphoproliferative disease |journal=Cancer |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=1721–30 |year=2002 |pmid=11920534 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Marginal zone lymphoma]]:
:*Expresses [[B cell]] markers [[CD19]], [[CD20]], and [[CD22]].
:*Infiltrates the [[bone marrow]] with a characteristic intertrabecular and intrasinusoidal pattern
:*Most common [[cytogenetic]] abnormalities are loss of 7q (19%) along with +3q (19%) and +5q (10% )<ref name="add">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, Flandrin G, Muller-Hermelink HK, Vardiman J, Lister TA, Bloomfield CD |title=World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting-Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997 |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=3835–49 |year=1999 |pmid=10577857 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="asdf">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, Banks PM, Chan JK, Cleary ML, Delsol G, De Wolf-Peeters C, Falini B, Gatter KC |title=A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group |journal=Blood |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1361–92 |year=1994 |pmid=8068936 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''[[Histopathology]], [[immunophenotype]], and [[genetic]] features of [[differential diagnosis]] of [[lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]]'''
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Disease entity
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Histopathology
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Immunophenotype
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Genetic or other features
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* ≥10 percent infiltration by small [[lymphocytes]], plasmacytoid [[lymphocytes]], and [[plasma cells]], with variable numbers of admixed immunoblasts.
 
*Characteristic (but not pathognomonic) [[hyperplasia]] of [[mast cells]] in marrow.
*[[Lymph nodes]] are usually diffusely effaced.
*Absence of [[proliferation]] centers and [[marginal zone]] type [[differentiation]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Expression of pan [[B-cell]] [[antigens]] ([[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD22]], [[CD79a]]).
 
*Failure to express [[CD5]] in mostly cases.
*Variable expression of [[CD11c]], [[CD43]], [[CD25]].
*Mostly cases have [[IgM]] expression with only fewer expressing [[IgG]] or [[IgA]].
*No [[CD10]] and [[cyclin D1]] [[expression]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Majority have a monoclonal [[IgM]] [[paraprotein]].
 
*No specific [[chromosomal abnormalities]].
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]/[[small lymphocytic lymphoma]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* "Typical" [[CLL]]/[[SLL]] cells are small mature appearing [[lymphocytes]] with a dense [[nucleus]], partially aggregated [[chromatin]], no discernible [[nucleoli]], and a narrow border of clear to slightly [[basophilic]] [[cytoplasm]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Always express [[CD5]].
 
*Usually [[CD23]] positive.
*Dim [[expression]] of [[CD20]] and surface Ig.
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Del13q, del 11q, del17p, [[trisomy]] 12
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[Prolymphocytes]] comprise >55 percent of the [[neoplastic]] cells.
 
*[[Bone marrow]] has [[interstitial]] pattern of [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]].
*[[Lymph nodes]] may show vague nodularity, but [[proliferation]] centers are absent.
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Express bright surface [[IgM]] +/- [[IgD]] and bright [[CD20]] as well as other [[B-cell]] [[antigens]] ([[CD19]], [[CD22]], [[CD79a]], [[FMC7]]).
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* t(11;14) must be excluded.
 
*No associated [[paraproteinemia]].
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Follicular lymphoma]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[Nodular]] growth pattern of [[follicle]] center cells (centrocytes and centroblasts).
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Typically express [[CD10]], [[HLA-DR]], pan [[B-cell]] [[antigens]] ([[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD79a]]), [[CD21]], and surface [[IgM]], [[IgG]], or [[IgA]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* t(14;18)
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Multiple myeloma]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[Infiltration (medical)|Infiltration]] of [[plasma cells]] in the [[bone marrow]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Absent Surface Ig.
 
*Expresses [[CD138]], [[CD38]], [[CD79a]], and VS38c.
*Infrequently expresses [[CD19]].
*Approximately 70 percent of myeloma cells will express [[CD56]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[Cytogenetics]] usually abnormal, although there is no specific [[cytogenetic]] abnormality.
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Mantle cell lymphoma]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Monomorphous small to medium-sized [[B lymphocytes]] with irregular [[nuclei]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[CD5]]+ and [[CD23]]-.
 
*Typically co-express surface [[IgM]] and [[IgD]].
*The vast majority over-express [[cyclin D1]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* t(11;14)
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Marginal zone lymphoma]]'''
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Polymorphous infiltrate of small cells with paler-appearing marginal zone-type [[differentiation]] in [[lymph nodes]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* Expresses [[B cell]] markers [[CD19]], [[CD20]], and [[CD22]], and not [[CD5]], [[CD10]], and [[CD23]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* [[Chromosomal abnormalities]], usually [[trisomy]] 3 or t(11;18), are found in most cases.
 
*May demonstrate mixed [[cryoglobulinemia]] +/- [[hepatitis C]] [[infection]].
|}


{|
{|

Revision as of 23:58, 24 February 2019


For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mohsin, M.D.[2]

Overview

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma must be differentiated from multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, b-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma.

Differentiating Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma from other Diseases

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma must be differentiated from other B cell lymphoid neoplasms

Disease Etiology (Genetic or other) Clinical manifestations Paraclinical findings Associated findings
Lab findings
Symptoms Signs Immunochemistry Histopathology
Constitutional symptoms Rash Abdominal pain Diarrhea Mass Other
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)
[1][2][3][4][5] 		– – + Express pan B-cell antigens

Variable expression of

Majority express

Fewer express

Lack expression of

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
[6]

33% of patients present with:

– – – Always express

Usually express

Dim expression of

Follicular lymphoma
[7][8][9][10][11] 		20% of patients present with: + + ± Express

Express Surface

  • Most common clinically indolent NHL
  • Peripheral nerve compression
Mantle cell lymphoma
[12][13][14][15][16] 		– Abdominal distention +

Co-express surface

_
Marginal zone lymphoma Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type
[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Recurrent translocation of s such as:
    • t(1;14)(p22;q32)
    • t(11;18)(q21;q21)
    • t(14;18)(q32;q21)
    • t(3;14)(p14.1;q32)
  • B symptoms may or may not be present
 ± + + B-cell associated antigens that co-express

Negative for:

  • Presence of dense diffuse lymphoid infiltrate of marginal‐zone cells in lamina propria
  • prominent lymphoepithelial lesions and consisting of small atypical cells with monocytoid features.
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin genes (heavy and light chains)
    • Deletion 7q21-32
    • Translocations of the CDK6 gene located on 7q21
 + + –
  • Small lymphocytes
  • Transformed blasts
  • Epithelial histocytes
  • Plasmacytic differentiation of neoplastic cells
Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma
[34][35]
  • Mature B-cell Lymphoma
  • Stimulation of antigen receptor by autoantigen and co-stimulatory molecule CD40
  • Mutations in KMT2D, PTTPRD, NOTCH2, KLF2
 + – –
  • Hemorrhage
  • Dyspepsia
 _
  • Follicular cells in reactive zone
  • Centrocyte like cells in marginal zone lymphoma
  • Centroblasts
  • Plasma cells
  • Immunoblasts
  • Hepatitis C infection
  • Chronic infectious conditions or autoimmune processes, such as:
  • H pylori gastritis
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis
  • Sjögren syndrome
Multiple Myeloma[36][37][38][39][40][41] –
  • Abdominal pain due to mesenteric venous thrombosis
  • No diarrhea
  • Constipation due to hypercalcemia
 _
Expresses
  • CD138
  • CD38,
  • CD79a
  • VS38c
  • Infrequently expresses CD19.
  • CD56 (expressed by 70% of myeloma cells)
  • Absent surface Ig
 Relevant history includes:
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
– – –
Express bright surface IgM +/- IgD and bright CD20 as well as other B-cell antigens (CD19, CD22, CD79a, FMC7)
GC-associated lymphoid clones infiltrating the BM osteoblastic niche exhibit mesenchymal features in common with SLO germinal centers.(A–D) Histological examination of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) patient specimens. (A) The frequency of para-trabecular/osteoblastic localization of lymphoid malignant clones in 197 cases of B-NHL with bone marrow (BM) infiltration. Lymphoid clones of germinal center (GC)-derivation exhibiting preferential tropism for the BM osteoblastic niche include: follicular lymphoma (FL), T-cell rich histiocyte rich diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (TCRBCL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of GC type (DLBCL-GC). Non-GC-related lymphoid clones include: DLBCL- activated B-cell type (ABC); mantle-cell lymmphoma, (MCL); marginal-zone lymphoma, (MZL); lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, (LPL). (B) Para-trabecular (left panel) and inter-trabecular (right panel) localization of two representative cases of FL with BM infiltration. The distribution of the lymphomatous infiltrates around bone trabeculae or in the inter-trabecular lacunae is highlighted by CD20 immunostaining (inserts). (C–D) FL lymphoid infiltrates localizing within the osteoblastic niche area (left panels) and inter-trabecular BM (right panels) display a stromal architecture reminiscent of that of secondary lymphoid organ (SLO) GCs and are characterized by the expression of BM-MSC markers SPARC (C) and CD146 (right D).Source: Sangaletti S. et al, Molecular Immunology Unit; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Milan, Italy.
Expression of CD19 and CD20 in B-cell lineage.Notes: Illustrative representation of B-cell differentiation, maturation, antigen expression and B-cell neoplasm associated with different stages of B-cell development. Cell lines used in the research study.47–51Abbreviations: GC, germinal center; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; MCL, Mantle cell lymphoma; FL, follicular lymphoma; BL, Burkitt lymphoma; DLBCL, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma; MZL, Marginal Zone Lymphoma; CLL/SLL, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma; MALT, Mucosa-Associated lymphoid tissue; WM, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia; MM, plasma cell myeloma; WSU-BL, Wayne State University-Burkitt lymphoma cell line; WSU-FSCCL, Wayne State University-follicular small cleaved cell lymphoma Cell line; WSU-NHL, Wayne State University-FL grade 3 Cell line; WSU-DLCL and WSU-DLCL2, Wayne State University-Diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma cell line; WSU-WM, Wayne State University-Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia Cell line.Source: Raufi A. et al, Lymphoma Research Laboratory, Wayne State University School of Medicine (WSU-SOM), Gordon Scott Hall for Basic Medical Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.

References

  1. ↑ Steven P. Treon, Lian Xu, Guang Yang, Yangsheng Zhou, Xia Liu, Yang Cao, Patricia Sheehy, Robert J. Manning, Christopher J. Patterson, Christina Tripsas, Luca Arcaini, Geraldine S. Pinkus, Scott J. Rodig, Aliyah R. Sohani, Nancy Lee Harris, Jason M. Laramie, Donald A. Skifter, Stephen E. Lincoln & Zachary R. Hunter (2012). "MYD88 L265P somatic mutation in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". The New England journal of medicine. 367 (9): 826–833. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200710. PMID 22931316. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Chi PJ, Pei SN, Huang TL, Huang SC, Ng HY, Lee CT (2014). "Renal MALT lymphoma associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 113 (4): 255–7. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2011.02.007. PMID 24685302.
  3. ↑ Chi PJ, Pei SN, Huang TL, Huang SC, Ng HY, Lee CT (2014). "Renal MALT lymphoma associated with Waldenström macroglobulinemia". J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 113 (4): 255–7. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2011.02.007. PMID 24685302.
  4. ↑ García-Sanz R, Montoto S, Torrequebrada A, de Coca AG, Petit J, Sureda A; et al. (2001). "Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: presenting features and outcome in a series with 217 cases". Br J Haematol. 115 (3): 575–82. PMID 11736938.
  5. ↑ Merlini G, Baldini L, Broglia C, Comelli M, Goldaniga M, Palladini G; et al. (2003). "Prognostic factors in symptomatic Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia". Semin Oncol. 30 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50064. PMID 12720138.
  6. ↑ Klein, Ulf; Tu, Yuhai; Stolovitzky, Gustavo A.; Mattioli, Michela; Cattoretti, Giorgio; Husson, Hervé; Freedman, Arnold; Inghirami, Giorgio; Cro, Lilla; Baldini, Luca; Neri, Antonino; Califano, Andrea; Dalla-Favera, Riccardo (2001). "Gene Expression Profiling of B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Reveals a Homogeneous Phenotype Related to Memory B Cells". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 194 (11): 1625–1638. doi:10.1084/jem.194.11.1625. ISSN 0022-1007.
  7. ↑ Ganapathi KA, Pittaluga S, Odejide OO, Freedman AS, Jaffe ES (2014). "Early lymphoid lesions: conceptual, diagnostic and clinical challenges". Haematologica. 99 (9): 1421–32. doi:10.3324/haematol.2014.107938. PMC 4562530. PMID 25176983.
  8. ↑ Lorsbach RB, Shay-Seymore D, Moore J, Banks PM, Hasserjian RP, Sandlund JT; et al. (2002). "Clinicopathologic analysis of follicular lymphoma occurring in children". Blood. 99 (6): 1959–64. PMID 11877266.
  9. ↑ Overview at UMDNJ
  10. ↑ Bosga-Bouwer AG, Haralambieva E, Booman M; et al. (November 2005). "BCL6 alternative translocation breakpoint cluster region associated with follicular lymphoma grade 3B". Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 44 (3): 301–4. doi:10.1002/gcc.20246. PMID 16075463.
  11. ↑ Winberg CD, Nathwani BN, Bearman RM, Rappaport H (1981). "Follicular (nodular) lymphoma during the first two decades of life: a clinicopathologic study of 12 patients". Cancer. 48 (10): 2223–35. PMID 7028244.
  12. ↑ Itziar Salaverria, Cristina Royo, Alejandra Carvajal-Cuenca, Guillem Clot, Alba Navarro, Alejandra Valera, Joo Y. Song, Renata Woroniecka, Grzegorz Rymkiewicz, Wolfram Klapper, Elena M. Hartmann, Pierre Sujobert, Iwona Wlodarska, Judith A. Ferry, Philippe Gaulard, German Ott, Andreas Rosenwald, Armando Lopez-Guillermo, Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez, Nancy L. Harris, Elaine S. Jaffe, Reiner Siebert, Elias Campo & Silvia Bea (2013). "CCND2 rearrangements are the most frequent genetic events in cyclin D1(-) mantle cell lymphoma". Blood. 121 (8): 1394–1402. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-08-452284. PMID 23255553. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Markus Tiemann, Carsten Schrader, Wolfram Klapper, Martin H. Dreyling, Elias Campo, Andrew Norton, Francoise Berger, Philip Kluin, German Ott, Stephano Pileri, Ennio Pedrinis, Alfred C. Feller, Hartmut Merz, Dirk Janssen, Martin L. Hansmann, Han Krieken, Peter Moller, Harald Stein, Michael Unterhalt, Wolfgang Hiddemann & Reza Parwaresch (2005). "Histopathology, cell proliferation indices and clinical outcome in 304 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): a clinicopathological study from the European MCL Network". British journal of haematology. 131 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05716.x. PMID 16173960. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ L. H. Argatoff, J. M. Connors, R. J. Klasa, D. E. Horsman & R. D. Gascoyne (1997). "Mantle cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic study of 80 cases". Blood. 89 (6): 2067–2078. PMID 9058729. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Markus Tiemann, Carsten Schrader, Wolfram Klapper, Martin H. Dreyling, Elias Campo, Andrew Norton, Francoise Berger, Philip Kluin, German Ott, Stephano Pileri, Ennio Pedrinis, Alfred C. Feller, Hartmut Merz, Dirk Janssen, Martin L. Hansmann, Han Krieken, Peter Moller, Harald Stein, Michael Unterhalt, Wolfgang Hiddemann & Reza Parwaresch (2005). "Histopathology, cell proliferation indices and clinical outcome in 304 patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): a clinicopathological study from the European MCL Network". British journal of haematology. 131 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05716.x. PMID 16173960. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Julie M. Vose (2017). "Mantle cell lymphoma: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and clinical management". American journal of hematology. 92 (8): 806–813. doi:10.1002/ajh.24797. PMID 28699667. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Non-gastric lymphomas – causes, symptoms and treatments. Lymphoma association 2016. https://www.lymphomas.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/Non-Gastric-malt-lymphoma.pdf. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  18. ↑ Risks of Extranodal marginal zone of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Canadian Cancer Society 2016. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/malt-lymphoma/?region=on. Accessed on January 25, 2016
  19. ↑ Kinkade, Zoe; Esan, Olukemi A.; Rosado, Flavia G.; Craig, Michael; Vos, Jeffrey A. (2015). "Ileal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma presenting with small bowel obstruction: a case report". Diagnostic Pathology. 10 (1). doi:10.1186/s13000-015-0353-6. ISSN 1746-1596.
  20. ↑ Symptoms of MALT lymphoma. Cancer research UK 2016. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/about/types/mucosaassociated-lymphoid-tissue-lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  21. ↑ Symptoms of MALT lymphoma. Cancer research UK 2016. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/about/types/mucosaassociated-lymphoid-tissue-lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  22. ↑ Signs and symptoms of gastric lymphoma. Wikipedia 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  23. ↑ Clinical presentation of orbital lymphoma. Dr Craig Hacking and A.Prof Frank Gaillard et al. Radiopaedia 2016. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/orbital-lymphoma. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  24. ↑ Non-gastric lymphomas – causes, symptoms and treatments. Lymphoma association 2016. https://www.lymphomas.org.uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/Non-Gastric-malt-lymphoma.pdf. Accessed on January 28, 2016
  25. ↑ Taal, B G; Boot, H; van Heerde, P; de Jong, D; Hart, A A; Burgers, J M (1 October 1996). "Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the stomach: endoscopic pattern and prognosis in low versus high grade malignancy in relation to the MALT concept". Gut. 39 (4): 556–561. doi:10.1136/gut.39.4.556.
  26. ↑ Bacon CM, Du MQ, Dogan A (2007). "Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma: a practical guide for pathologists". J Clin Pathol. 60 (4): 361–72. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.031146. PMC 2001121. PMID 16950858.
  27. ↑ Hernández JM, García JL, Gutiérrez NC, Mollejo M, Martínez-Climent JA, Flores T, González MB, Piris MA, San Miguel JF (May 2001). "Novel genomic imbalances in B-cell splenic marginal zone lymphomas revealed by comparative genomic hybridization and cytogenetics". Am. J. Pathol. 158 (5): 1843–50. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64140-5. PMC 1891967. PMID 11337382.
  28. ↑ Andersen CL, Gruszka-Westwood A, Atkinson S, Matutes E, Catovsky D, Pedersen RK, Pedersen BB, Pulczynski S, Hokland P, Jacobsen E, Koch J (January 2005). "Recurrent genomic imbalances in B-cell splenic marginal-zone lymphoma revealed by comparative genomic hybridization". Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 156 (2): 122–8. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.04.026. PMID 15642391.
  29. ↑ Salido M, Baró C, Oscier D, Stamatopoulos K, Dierlamm J, Matutes E, Traverse-Glehen A, Berger F, Felman P, Thieblemont C, Gesk S, Athanasiadou A, Davis Z, Gardiner A, Milla F, Ferrer A, Mollejo M, Calasanz MJ, Florensa L, Espinet B, Luño E, Wlodarska I, Verhoef G, García-Granero M, Salar A, Papadaki T, Serrano S, Piris MA, Solé F (September 2010). "Cytogenetic aberrations and their prognostic value in a series of 330 splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphomas: a multicenter study of the Splenic B-Cell Lymphoma Group". Blood. 116 (9): 1479–88. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-267476. PMID 20479288.
  30. ↑ Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. http://seer.cancer.gov/seertools/hemelymph/51f6cf57e3e27c3994bd5327/. Accessed on December 22, 2015
  31. ↑ Weng WK, Levy S (July 2003). "Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and lymphomagenesis". Leuk. Lymphoma. 44 (7): 1113–20. doi:10.1080/1042819031000076972. PMID 12916862.
  32. ↑ Quinn ER, Chan CH, Hadlock KG, Foung SK, Flint M, Levy S (December 2001). "The B-cell receptor of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma binds the viral E2 envelope protein, implicating HCV in lymphomagenesis". Blood. 98 (13): 3745–9. PMID 11739181.
  33. ↑ Chuang SS, Liao YL, Chang ST, Hsieh YC, Kuo SY, Lu CL, Hwang WS, Lin IH, Tsao CJ, Huang WT (July 2010). "Hepatitis C virus infection is significantly associated with malignant lymphoma in Taiwan, particularly with nodal and splenic marginal zone lymphomas". J. Clin. Pathol. 63 (7): 595–8. doi:10.1136/jcp.2010.076810. PMID 20530156.
  34. ↑ Spina, V.; Khiabanian, H.; Messina, M.; Monti, S.; Cascione, L.; Bruscaggin, A.; Spaccarotella, E.; Holmes, A. B.; Arcaini, L.; Lucioni, M.; Tabbo, F.; Zairis, S.; Diop, F.; Cerri, M.; Chiaretti, S.; Marasca, R.; Ponzoni, M.; Deaglio, S.; Ramponi, A.; Tiacci, E.; Pasqualucci, L.; Paulli, M.; Falini, B.; Inghirami, G.; Bertoni, F.; Foa, R.; Rabadan, R.; Gaidano, G.; Rossi, D. (2016). "The genetics of nodal marginal zone lymphoma". Blood. 128 (10): 1362–1373. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-02-696757. ISSN 0006-4971.
  35. ↑ Nodal marginal zone lymphoma . Canadian Cancer Society. http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/types-of-nhl/nodal-marginal-zone-lymphoma/?region=nb Accessed on March 4, 2016
  36. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Wikipedia (2015) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_myeloma#Signs_and_symptoms Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  37. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Canadian Cancer Society (2015) http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/multiple-myeloma/signs-and-symptoms/?region=mb Accessed on September 20th 2015
  38. ↑ Multiple myeloma. Cancer. gov(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloma Accessed on September, 20th 2015
  39. ↑ Reisenbuckler C (2014). "Multiple myeloma and diagnostic imaging". Radiol Technol. 85 (4): 391–410, quiz 411–3. PMID 24614435.
  40. ↑ Sergentanis TN, Zagouri F, Tsilimidos G, Tsagianni A, Tseliou M, Dimopoulos MA, Psaltopoulou T (October 2015). "Risk Factors for Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 15 (10): 563–77.e1–3. doi:10.1016/j.clml.2015.06.003. PMID 26294217.
  41. ↑ Eslick R, Talaulikar D (October 2013). "Multiple myeloma: from diagnosis to treatment". Aust Fam Physician. 42 (10): 684–8. PMID 24130968.

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