Leiomyosarcoma risk factors: Difference between revisions

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==Risk Factors==
==Overview==
Clinical data has suggested that the development of leiomyosarcoma is related to [[radiation exposure]]. Other causes are not known for certain.
Studies had shown that soft tissue sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma is associated with risk factors such as radiation exposure, genetic abnormalities, use of tamoxifen, certain hereditary conditions, immunodeficiency and viral infection such as human herpes virus type-8.


== <small>Following Risk Fcators found to be associated with the development of the Uterine leiomyosarcoma</small>: ==
== <small>Risk Fcators</small> ==
* Age: Leiomyosarcoma can be seen at 20 years of age but mean age at diagnosis is 50-60 years old.
* Age: Leiomyosarcoma can be seen at 20 years of age but mean age at diagnosis is 50-60 years old.
* Losses of the normal chromosome 1q observed in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma tumors which is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) gene, likely a type of tumor suppressor gene. <ref name="LaunonenVierimaa2001">{{cite journal|last1=Launonen|first1=V.|last2=Vierimaa|first2=O.|last3=Kiuru|first3=M.|last4=Isola|first4=J.|last5=Roth|first5=S.|last6=Pukkala|first6=E.|last7=Sistonen|first7=P.|last8=Herva|first8=R.|last9=Aaltonen|first9=L. A.|title=Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=98|issue=6|year=2001|pages=3387–3392|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.051633798}}</ref>
* Losses of the normal chromosome 1q observed in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma tumors which is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) gene, likely a type of tumor suppressor gene. <ref name="LaunonenVierimaa2001">{{cite journal|last1=Launonen|first1=V.|last2=Vierimaa|first2=O.|last3=Kiuru|first3=M.|last4=Isola|first4=J.|last5=Roth|first5=S.|last6=Pukkala|first6=E.|last7=Sistonen|first7=P.|last8=Herva|first8=R.|last9=Aaltonen|first9=L. A.|title=Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=98|issue=6|year=2001|pages=3387–3392|issn=0027-8424|doi=10.1073/pnas.051633798}}</ref>
* Recent studies shown that exposure to dioxin increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. <ref name="pmid2313720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO |title=Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=486–90 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2313720 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Recent studies shown that exposure to dioxin increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. <ref name="pmid2313720">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO |title=Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=486–90 |date=March 1990 |pmid=2313720 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Viral infections such as human herpes virus type-8 is linked to increase risk of sarcomas. <ref name="pmid9709303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weiss RA, Whitby D, Talbot S, Kellam P, Boshoff C |title=Human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma |journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs |volume= |issue=23 |pages=51–4 |date=1998 |pmid=9709303 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Long term use of the [[tamoxifen]]: Prolonged use of the tamoxifen esp more than five years has been associated with the increased risk of development of leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid11336777">Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11336777 Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11336777 11336777]</ref>
* Long term use of the [[tamoxifen]]: Prolonged use of the tamoxifen esp more than five years has been associated with the increased risk of development of leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid11336777">Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11336777 Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review.] ''Obstet Gynecol'' 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11336777 11336777]</ref>
* History of Pelvic radiations:Pelvic irradiation has been associated with the increased development of the leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid15168177">Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15168177 Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan.] ''J Orthop Sci'' 9 (3):242-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15168177 15168177]</ref><ref name="pmid25315801">Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25315801 Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy.] ''BMJ Case Rep'' 2014 ():. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25315801 25315801]</ref>
* History of Pelvic radiations:Pelvic irradiation has been associated with the increased development of the leiomyosarcoma.<ref name="pmid15168177">Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15168177 Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan.] ''J Orthop Sci'' 9 (3):242-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15168177 15168177]</ref><ref name="pmid25315801">Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25315801 Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy.] ''BMJ Case Rep'' 2014 ():. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25315801 25315801]</ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rekha, M.D.

Overview

Studies had shown that soft tissue sarcomas such as leiomyosarcoma is associated with risk factors such as radiation exposure, genetic abnormalities, use of tamoxifen, certain hereditary conditions, immunodeficiency and viral infection such as human herpes virus type-8.

Risk Fcators

  • Age: Leiomyosarcoma can be seen at 20 years of age but mean age at diagnosis is 50-60 years old.
  • Losses of the normal chromosome 1q observed in leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma tumors which is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) gene, likely a type of tumor suppressor gene. [1]
  • Recent studies shown that exposure to dioxin increase the risk of soft tissue sarcoma. [2]
  • Viral infections such as human herpes virus type-8 is linked to increase risk of sarcomas. [3]
  • Long term use of the tamoxifen: Prolonged use of the tamoxifen esp more than five years has been associated with the increased risk of development of leiomyosarcoma.[4]
  • History of Pelvic radiations:Pelvic irradiation has been associated with the increased development of the leiomyosarcoma.[5][6]
  • Certain Hereditary condition like Gardner syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome,Werner syndrome and Neurofibromatosis are associated with the development of leiomyosarcoma.
  • Long term survivors of the Retinoblastoma are at higher risk of developing variety of soft tissue sarcoma.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Launonen, V.; Vierimaa, O.; Kiuru, M.; Isola, J.; Roth, S.; Pukkala, E.; Sistonen, P.; Herva, R.; Aaltonen, L. A. (2001). "Inherited susceptibility to uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (6): 3387–3392. doi:10.1073/pnas.051633798. ISSN 0027-8424.
  2. ↑ Eriksson M, Hardell L, Adami HO (March 1990). "Exposure to dioxins as a risk factor for soft tissue sarcoma: a population-based case-control study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82 (6): 486–90. PMID 2313720.
  3. ↑ Weiss RA, Whitby D, Talbot S, Kellam P, Boshoff C (1998). "Human herpesvirus type 8 and Kaposi's sarcoma". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs (23): 51–4. PMID 9709303.
  4. ↑ Mourits MJ, De Vries EG, Willemse PH, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Van der Zee AG (2001) Tamoxifen treatment and gynecologic side effects: a review. Obstet Gynecol 97 (5 Pt 2):855-66. PMID: 11336777
  5. ↑ Fang Z, Matsumoto S, Ae K, Kawaguchi N, Yoshikawa H, Ueda T et al. (2004) Postradiation soft tissue sarcoma: a multiinstitutional analysis of 14 cases in Japan. J Orthop Sci 9 (3):242-6. DOI:10.1007/s00776-004-0768-5 PMID: 15168177
  6. ↑ Futuri S, Donohoe K, Spaccavento C, Yudelman I (2014) Rectal leiomyosarcoma: a rare and long-term complication of radiation therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2014 ():. DOI:10.1136/bcr-2014-205240 PMID: 25315801
  7. ↑ Yu CL, Tucker MA, Abramson DH, Furukawa K, Seddon JM, Stovall M et al. (2009) Cause-specific mortality in long-term survivors of retinoblastoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 101 (8):581-91. DOI:10.1093/jnci/djp046 PMID: 19351917


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