Duchenne muscular dystrophy differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Differentiating Duchenne muscular dystrophy from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Duchenne muscular dystrophy from other Diseases==
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
Duchenne muscular dystrophy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[muscle weakness]], [[hypotonia]], or [[paralysis]]
 
OR
 
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
 
OR
 
As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].


===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===
===Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]===


Muscular dystrophy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[muscle weakness]], [[hypotonia]], or [[paralysis]]:<ref name="pmid29433111">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kira R |title=[Acute Flaccid Myelitis] |language=Japanese |journal=Brain Nerve |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=99–112 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29433111 |doi=10.11477/mf.1416200962 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29433111">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kira R |title=[Acute Flaccid Myelitis] |language=Japanese |journal=Brain Nerve |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=99–112 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29433111 |doi=10.11477/mf.1416200962 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29181601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins SE |title=Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Etiologic Challenges, Diagnostic and Management Considerations |journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=48 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29181601 |doi=10.1007/s11940-017-0480-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27422805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Van Haren K, Yang M, Glaser CA, Tyler KL, Dominguez SR |title=Acute flaccid myelitis: A clinical review of US cases 2012-2015 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=326–38 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27422805 |pmc=5098271 |doi=10.1002/ana.24730 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29028962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chong PF, Kira R, Mori H, Okumura A, Torisu H, Yasumoto S, Shimizu H, Fujimoto T, Hanaoka N, Kusunoki S, Takahashi T, Oishi K, Tanaka-Taya K |title=Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Temporally Associated With an Enterovirus D68 Outbreak: Results of a Nationwide Survey of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Japan, August-December 2015 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=653–664 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29028962 |pmc=5850449 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix860 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29482893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Messacar K, Asturias EJ, Hixon AM, Van Leer-Buter C, Niesters HGM, Tyler KL, Abzug MJ, Dominguez SR |title=Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=e239–e247 |date=August 2018 |pmid=29482893 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30094-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30200066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen IJ, Hu SC, Hung KL, Lo CW |title=Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68 infection: A case report |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=36 |pages=e11831 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30200066 |pmc=6133480 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000011831 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlBotulism | Botulism | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html |title=Botulism &#124; Botulism &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3290234">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL |title=Laboratory findings in four cases of adult botulism suggest colonization of the intestinal tract |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=1052–4 |date=May 1988 |pmid=3290234 |pmc=266519 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16614251">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindström M, Korkeala H |title=Laboratory diagnostics of botulism |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=298–314 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16614251 |pmc=1471988 |doi=10.1128/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17224901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brook I |title=Botulism: the challenge of diagnosis and treatment |journal=Rev Neurol Dis |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=182–9 |date=2006 |pmid=17224901 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23642721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants |journal=Neurol Clin |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=491–510 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23642721 |pmc=3939842 |doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2013.01.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23418763">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walling AD, Dickson G |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=191–7 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23418763 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21969911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilhus NE |title=Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy |journal=Autoimmune Dis |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=973808 |date=2011 |pmid=21969911 |pmc=3182560 |doi=10.4061/2011/973808 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14977560">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Deshpande DM, Pardo CA, Kerr DA |title=Transverse Myelitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment |journal=Front. Biosci. |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1483–99 |date=May 2004 |pmid=14977560 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24305450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amato AA, Greenberg SA |title=Inflammatory myopathies |journal=Continuum (Minneap Minn) |volume=19 |issue=6 Muscle Disease |pages=1615–33 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24305450 |doi=10.1212/01.CON.0000440662.26427.bd |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24365430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger JR, Dean D |title=Neurosyphilis |journal=Handb Clin Neurol |volume=121 |issue= |pages=1461–72 |date=2014 |pmid=24365430 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5 |url=}}</ref>
Duchenne muscular dystrophy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[muscle weakness]], [[hypotonia]], or [[paralysis]]:<ref name="pmid29433111">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kira R |title=[Acute Flaccid Myelitis] |language=Japanese |journal=Brain Nerve |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=99–112 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29433111 |doi=10.11477/mf.1416200962 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29433111">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kira R |title=[Acute Flaccid Myelitis] |language=Japanese |journal=Brain Nerve |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=99–112 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29433111 |doi=10.11477/mf.1416200962 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29181601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins SE |title=Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Etiologic Challenges, Diagnostic and Management Considerations |journal=Curr Treat Options Neurol |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=48 |date=November 2017 |pmid=29181601 |doi=10.1007/s11940-017-0480-3 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27422805">{{cite journal |vauthors=Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Van Haren K, Yang M, Glaser CA, Tyler KL, Dominguez SR |title=Acute flaccid myelitis: A clinical review of US cases 2012-2015 |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=326–38 |date=September 2016 |pmid=27422805 |pmc=5098271 |doi=10.1002/ana.24730 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29028962">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chong PF, Kira R, Mori H, Okumura A, Torisu H, Yasumoto S, Shimizu H, Fujimoto T, Hanaoka N, Kusunoki S, Takahashi T, Oishi K, Tanaka-Taya K |title=Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Temporally Associated With an Enterovirus D68 Outbreak: Results of a Nationwide Survey of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Japan, August-December 2015 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=653–664 |date=February 2018 |pmid=29028962 |pmc=5850449 |doi=10.1093/cid/cix860 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29482893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Messacar K, Asturias EJ, Hixon AM, Van Leer-Buter C, Niesters HGM, Tyler KL, Abzug MJ, Dominguez SR |title=Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=e239–e247 |date=August 2018 |pmid=29482893 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30094-X |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30200066">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen IJ, Hu SC, Hung KL, Lo CW |title=Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68 infection: A case report |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=97 |issue=36 |pages=e11831 |date=September 2018 |pmid=30200066 |pmc=6133480 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000011831 |url=}}</ref><ref name="urlBotulism | Botulism | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/index.html |title=Botulism &#124; Botulism &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3290234">{{cite journal |vauthors=McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL |title=Laboratory findings in four cases of adult botulism suggest colonization of the intestinal tract |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=1052–4 |date=May 1988 |pmid=3290234 |pmc=266519 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16614251">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lindström M, Korkeala H |title=Laboratory diagnostics of botulism |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=298–314 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16614251 |pmc=1471988 |doi=10.1128/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17224901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brook I |title=Botulism: the challenge of diagnosis and treatment |journal=Rev Neurol Dis |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=182–9 |date=2006 |pmid=17224901 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23642721">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants |journal=Neurol Clin |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=491–510 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23642721 |pmc=3939842 |doi=10.1016/j.ncl.2013.01.005 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23418763">{{cite journal |vauthors=Walling AD, Dickson G |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=191–7 |date=February 2013 |pmid=23418763 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21969911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gilhus NE |title=Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy |journal=Autoimmune Dis |volume=2011 |issue= |pages=973808 |date=2011 |pmid=21969911 |pmc=3182560 |doi=10.4061/2011/973808 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14977560">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Deshpande DM, Pardo CA, Kerr DA |title=Transverse Myelitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment |journal=Front. Biosci. |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1483–99 |date=May 2004 |pmid=14977560 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24305450">{{cite journal |vauthors=Amato AA, Greenberg SA |title=Inflammatory myopathies |journal=Continuum (Minneap Minn) |volume=19 |issue=6 Muscle Disease |pages=1615–33 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24305450 |doi=10.1212/01.CON.0000440662.26427.bd |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24365430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berger JR, Dean D |title=Neurosyphilis |journal=Handb Clin Neurol |volume=121 |issue= |pages=1461–72 |date=2014 |pmid=24365430 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5 |url=}}</ref>
{|
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
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!<small>Ascending/Descending/Systemic</small>
!<small>Ascending/Descending/Systemic</small>
!<small>Unilateral (UL)  
!<small>Unilateral (UL)  
or Bilateral (BL)  
or Bilateral (BL)  


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|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Infant Botulism
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Infant Botulism
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Generalized
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Insidious
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Insidious
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | Clinical diagnosis: physical exam & history
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | Clinical diagnosis: physical exam & history
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |History of outdoor activity in Northeastern United States. The tick is often still latched to the patient at presentation (often in head and neck area)
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |History of outdoor activity in Northeastern United States. The tick is often still latched to the patient at presentation (often in head and neck area)
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" | [[Poliomyelitis]]<ref name="pmid19944665">{{cite journal| author=Laffont I, Julia M, Tiffreau V, Yelnik A, Herisson C, Pelissier J| title=Aging and sequelae of poliomyelitis. | journal=Ann Phys Rehabil Med | year= 2010 | volume= 53 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-33 | pmid=19944665 | doi=10.1016/j.rehab.2009.10.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19944665  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" | [[Poliomyelitis]]<ref name="pmid19944665">{{cite journal| author=Laffont I, Julia M, Tiffreau V, Yelnik A, Herisson C, Pelissier J| title=Aging and sequelae of poliomyelitis. | journal=Ann Phys Rehabil Med | year= 2010 | volume= 53 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-33 | pmid=19944665 | doi=10.1016/j.rehab.2009.10.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19944665  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Proximal > Distal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Proximal > Distal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Systemic
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Systemic
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|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" | [[Transverse myelitis]]<ref name="pmid24099672">{{cite journal| author=West TW| title=Transverse myelitis--a review of the presentation, diagnosis, and initial management. | journal=Discov Med | year= 2013 | volume= 16 | issue= 88 | pages= 167-77 | pmid=24099672 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24099672  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" | [[Transverse myelitis]]<ref name="pmid24099672">{{cite journal| author=West TW| title=Transverse myelitis--a review of the presentation, diagnosis, and initial management. | journal=Discov Med | year= 2013 | volume= 16 | issue= 88 | pages= 167-77 | pmid=24099672 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24099672  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Proximal > Distal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Proximal > Distal
Line 211: Line 204:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Systemic
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |Systemic
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |History of unprotected sex or multiple sexual partners.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |History of unprotected sex or multiple sexual partners.


History of [[genital ulcer]] ([[chancre]]), diffuse [[Maculopapular rash|maculopapular ras]]<nowiki/>h.  
History of [[genital ulcer]] ([[chancre]]), diffuse [[Maculopapular rash|maculopapular ras]]<nowiki/>h.
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" |[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid26457695">{{cite journal| author=Falzarano MS, Scotton C, Passarelli C, Ferlini A| title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Diagnosis to Therapy. | journal=Molecules | year= 2015 | volume= 20 | issue= 10 | pages= 18168-84 | pmid=26457695 | doi=10.3390/molecules201018168 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26457695  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" |[[Muscular dystrophy]]<ref name="pmid26457695">{{cite journal| author=Falzarano MS, Scotton C, Passarelli C, Ferlini A| title=Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Diagnosis to Therapy. | journal=Molecules | year= 2015 | volume= 20 | issue= 10 | pages= 18168-84 | pmid=26457695 | doi=10.3390/molecules201018168 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26457695  }}</ref>
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|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" | [[Myositis|Inflammatory myopathy]]<ref name="pmid26290112">{{cite journal| author=Michelle EH, Mammen AL| title=Myositis Mimics. | journal=Curr Rheumatol Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 17 | issue= 10 | pages= 63 | pmid=26290112 | doi=10.1007/s11926-015-0541-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26290112  }}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align:center;" | [[Myositis|Inflammatory myopathy]]<ref name="pmid26290112">{{cite journal| author=Michelle EH, Mammen AL| title=Myositis Mimics. | journal=Curr Rheumatol Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 17 | issue= 10 | pages= 63 | pmid=26290112 | doi=10.1007/s11926-015-0541-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26290112  }}</ref>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
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|}
|}


On the basis [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3], [disease name] must be differentiated from [disease 1], [disease 2], [disease 3], [disease 4], [disease 5], and [disease 6].
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[2] Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D.

Overview

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Differentiating Duchenne muscular dystrophy from other Diseases

Duchenne muscular dystrophy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause muscle weakness, hypotonia, or paralysis

Differentiating [disease name] from other diseases on the basis of [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy must be differentiated from other diseases that cause muscle weakness, hypotonia, or paralysis:[1][1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Diseases History and Physical Diagnostic tests Other Findings
Motor Deficit Sensory deficit Cranial nerve Involvement Autonomic dysfunction Proximal/Distal/Generalized Ascending/Descending/Systemic Unilateral (UL)

or Bilateral (BL)

or

No Lateralization (NL)

Onset Lab or Imaging Findings Specific test
Adult Botulism + - + + Generalized Descending BL Sudden Toxin test Blood, Wound, or Stool culture Diplopia, Hyporeflexia, Hypotonia, possible respiratory paralysis
Infant Botulism + - + + Generalized Descending BL Sudden Toxin test Blood, Wound, or Stool culture Flaccid paralysis (Floppy baby syndrome), possible respiratory paralysis
Guillian-Barre syndrome[17] + - - - Generalized Ascending BL Insidious CSF: ↑Protein

↓Cells

Clinical & Lumbar Puncture Progressive ascending paralysis following infection, possible respiratory paralysis
Eaton Lambert syndrome[18] + - + + Generalized Systemic BL Intermittent EMG, repetitive nerve stimulation test (RNS) Voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC) antibody Diplopia, ptosis, improves with movement (as the day progresses)
Myasthenia gravis[19] + - + + Generalized Systemic BL Intermittent EMG, Edrophonium test Ach receptor antibody Diplopia, ptosis, worsening with movement (as the day progresses)
Electrolyte disturbance[20] + + - - Generalized Systemic BL Insidious Electrolyte panel ↓Ca++, ↓Mg++, ↓K+ Possible arrhythmia
Organophosphate toxicity[21] + + - + Generalized Ascending BL Sudden Clinical diagnosis: physical exam & history Clinical suspicion confirmed with RBC AchE activity History of exposure to insecticide or living in farming environment. with : Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bradycardia, Lacrimation, Emesis, Salivation, Sweating
Tick paralysis (Dermacentor tick)[22] + - - - Generalized Ascending BL Insidious Clinical diagnosis: physical exam & history - History of outdoor activity in Northeastern United States. The tick is often still latched to the patient at presentation (often in head and neck area)
Tetrodotoxin poisoning[23] + - + + Generalized Systemic BL Sudden Clinical diagnosis: physical exam & dietary history - History of consumption of puffer fish species.
Stroke[24] +/- +/- +/- +/- Generalized Systemic UL Sudden MRI +ve for ischemia or hemorrhage MRI Sudden unilateral motor and sensory deficit in a patient with a history of atherosclerotic risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, smoking) or atrial fibrillation.
Poliomyelitis[25] + + + +/- Proximal > Distal Systemic BL or UL Sudden PCR of CSF Asymmetric paralysis following a flu-like syndrome.
Transverse myelitis[26] + + + + Proximal > Distal Systemic BL or UL Sudden MRI & Lumbar puncture MRI History of chronic viral or autoimmune disease (e.g. HIV)
Neurosyphilis[27][16] + + - +/- Generalized Systemic BL Insidious MRI & Lumbar puncture CSF VDRL-specifc

CSF FTA-Ab -sensitive[28]

History of unprotected sex or multiple sexual partners.

History of genital ulcer (chancre), diffuse maculopapular rash.

Muscular dystrophy[29] + - - - Proximal > Distal Systemic BL Insidious Genetic testing Muscle biopsy Progressive proximal lower limb weakness with calf pseudohypertrophy in early childhood. Gower sign positive.
Multiple sclerosis exacerbation[30] + + + + Generalized Systemic NL Sudden ↑CSF IgG levels

(monoclonal)

Clinical assessment and MRI [31] Blurry vision, urinary incontinence, fatigue
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[32] + - - - Generalized Systemic BL Insidious Normal LP (to rule out DDx) MRI & LP Patient initially presents with upper motor neuron deficit (spasticity) followed by lower motor neuron deficit (flaccidity).
Inflammatory myopathy[33] + - - - Proximal > Distal Systemic UL or BL Insidious Elevated CK & Aldolase Muscle biopsy Progressive proximal muscle weakness in 3rd to 5th decade of life. With or without skin manifestations.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kira R (February 2018). "[Acute Flaccid Myelitis]". Brain Nerve (in Japanese). 70 (2): 99–112. doi:10.11477/mf.1416200962. PMID 29433111.
  2. ↑ Hopkins SE (November 2017). "Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Etiologic Challenges, Diagnostic and Management Considerations". Curr Treat Options Neurol. 19 (12): 48. doi:10.1007/s11940-017-0480-3. PMID 29181601.
  3. ↑ Messacar K, Schreiner TL, Van Haren K, Yang M, Glaser CA, Tyler KL, Dominguez SR (September 2016). "Acute flaccid myelitis: A clinical review of US cases 2012-2015". Ann. Neurol. 80 (3): 326–38. doi:10.1002/ana.24730. PMC 5098271. PMID 27422805.
  4. ↑ Chong PF, Kira R, Mori H, Okumura A, Torisu H, Yasumoto S, Shimizu H, Fujimoto T, Hanaoka N, Kusunoki S, Takahashi T, Oishi K, Tanaka-Taya K (February 2018). "Clinical Features of Acute Flaccid Myelitis Temporally Associated With an Enterovirus D68 Outbreak: Results of a Nationwide Survey of Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Japan, August-December 2015". Clin. Infect. Dis. 66 (5): 653–664. doi:10.1093/cid/cix860. PMC 5850449. PMID 29028962.
  5. ↑ Messacar K, Asturias EJ, Hixon AM, Van Leer-Buter C, Niesters H, Tyler KL, Abzug MJ, Dominguez SR (August 2018). "Enterovirus D68 and acute flaccid myelitis-evaluating the evidence for causality". Lancet Infect Dis. 18 (8): e239–e247. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30094-X. PMID 29482893. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  6. ↑ Chen IJ, Hu SC, Hung KL, Lo CW (September 2018). "Acute flaccid myelitis associated with enterovirus D68 infection: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 97 (36): e11831. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011831. PMC 6133480. PMID 30200066.
  7. ↑ "Botulism | Botulism | CDC".
  8. ↑ McCroskey LM, Hatheway CL (May 1988). "Laboratory findings in four cases of adult botulism suggest colonization of the intestinal tract". J. Clin. Microbiol. 26 (5): 1052–4. PMC 266519. PMID 3290234.
  9. ↑ Lindström M, Korkeala H (April 2006). "Laboratory diagnostics of botulism". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19 (2): 298–314. doi:10.1128/CMR.19.2.298-314.2006. PMC 1471988. PMID 16614251.
  10. ↑ Brook I (2006). "Botulism: the challenge of diagnosis and treatment". Rev Neurol Dis. 3 (4): 182–9. PMID 17224901.
  11. ↑ Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ (May 2013). "Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants". Neurol Clin. 31 (2): 491–510. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2013.01.005. PMC 3939842. PMID 23642721.
  12. ↑ Walling AD, Dickson G (February 2013). "Guillain-Barré syndrome". Am Fam Physician. 87 (3): 191–7. PMID 23418763.
  13. ↑ Gilhus NE (2011). "Lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome; pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy". Autoimmune Dis. 2011: 973808. doi:10.4061/2011/973808. PMC 3182560. PMID 21969911.
  14. ↑ Krishnan C, Kaplin AI, Deshpande DM, Pardo CA, Kerr DA (May 2004). "Transverse Myelitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment". Front. Biosci. 9: 1483–99. PMID 14977560.
  15. ↑ Amato AA, Greenberg SA (December 2013). "Inflammatory myopathies". Continuum (Minneap Minn). 19 (6 Muscle Disease): 1615–33. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000440662.26427.bd. PMID 24305450.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Berger JR, Dean D (2014). "Neurosyphilis". Handb Clin Neurol. 121: 1461–72. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00098-5. PMID 24365430.
  17. ↑ Talukder RK, Sutradhar SR, Rahman KM, Uddin MJ, Akhter H (2011). "Guillian-Barre syndrome". Mymensingh Med J. 20 (4): 748–56. PMID 22081202.
  18. ↑ Merino-Ramírez MÁ, Bolton CF (2016). "Review of the Diagnostic Challenges of Lambert-Eaton Syndrome Revealed Through Three Case Reports". Can J Neurol Sci. 43 (5): 635–47. doi:10.1017/cjn.2016.268. PMID 27412406.
  19. ↑ Gilhus NE (2016). "Myasthenia Gravis". N Engl J Med. 375 (26): 2570–2581. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1602678. PMID 28029925.
  20. ↑ Ozono K (2016). "[Diagnostic criteria for vitamin D-deficient rickets and hypocalcemia-]". Clin Calcium. 26 (2): 215–22. doi:CliCa1602215222 Check |doi= value (help). PMID 26813501.
  21. ↑ Kamanyire R, Karalliedde L (2004). "Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure". Occup Med (Lond). 54 (2): 69–75. PMID 15020723.
  22. ↑ Pecina CA (2012). "Tick paralysis". Semin Neurol. 32 (5): 531–2. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1334474. PMID 23677663.
  23. ↑ Bane V, Lehane M, Dikshit M, O'Riordan A, Furey A (2014). "Tetrodotoxin: chemistry, toxicity, source, distribution and detection". Toxins (Basel). 6 (2): 693–755. doi:10.3390/toxins6020693. PMC 3942760. PMID 24566728.
  24. ↑ Kuntzer T, Hirt L, Bogousslavsky J (1996). "[Neuromuscular involvement and cerebrovascular accidents]". Rev Med Suisse Romande. 116 (8): 605–9. PMID 8848683.
  25. ↑ Laffont I, Julia M, Tiffreau V, Yelnik A, Herisson C, Pelissier J (2010). "Aging and sequelae of poliomyelitis". Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 53 (1): 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2009.10.002. PMID 19944665.
  26. ↑ West TW (2013). "Transverse myelitis--a review of the presentation, diagnosis, and initial management". Discov Med. 16 (88): 167–77. PMID 24099672.
  27. ↑ Liu LL, Zheng WH, Tong ML, Liu GL, Zhang HL, Fu ZG; et al. (2012). "Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients". J Neurol Sci. 317 (1–2): 35–9. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003. PMID 22482824.
  28. ↑ Ho EL, Marra CM (2012). "Treponemal tests for neurosyphilis--less accurate than what we thought?". Sex Transm Dis. 39 (4): 298–9. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31824ee574. PMC 3746559. PMID 22421697.
  29. ↑ Falzarano MS, Scotton C, Passarelli C, Ferlini A (2015). "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Diagnosis to Therapy". Molecules. 20 (10): 18168–84. doi:10.3390/molecules201018168. PMID 26457695.
  30. ↑ Filippi M, Preziosa P, Rocca MA (2016). "Multiple sclerosis". Handb Clin Neurol. 135: 399–423. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53485-9.00020-9. PMID 27432676.
  31. ↑ Giang DW, Grow VM, Mooney C, Mushlin AI, Goodman AD, Mattson DH; et al. (1994). "Clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The impact of magnetic resonance imaging and ancillary testing. Rochester-Toronto Magnetic Resonance Study Group". Arch Neurol. 51 (1): 61–6. PMID 8274111.
  32. ↑ Riva N, Agosta F, Lunetta C, Filippi M, Quattrini A (2016). "Recent advances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J Neurol. 263 (6): 1241–54. doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8091-6. PMC 4893385. PMID 27025851.
  33. ↑ Michelle EH, Mammen AL (2015). "Myositis Mimics". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 17 (10): 63. doi:10.1007/s11926-015-0541-0. PMID 26290112.

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