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* [[Ultrasound]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of testicular cancer mass include:<ref name="VoyvodaVoyvoda2017">{{cite journal|last1=Voyvoda|first1=Nuray|last2=Voyvoda|first2=Bekir|last3=Çamurdan|first3=Özden|title=The Role of Imaging in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis, Staging and Follow-up|journal=Üroonkoloji Bülteni|volume=16|issue=2|year=2017|pages=51–56|issn=21472270|doi=10.4274/uob.694}}</ref><ref name="pmid2163557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marth D, Scheidegger J, Studer UE |title=Ultrasonography of testicular tumors |journal=Urol. Int. |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=237–40 |date=1990 |pmid=2163557 |doi=10.1159/000281715 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3072643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benson CB |title=The role of ultrasound in diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer |journal=Semin Urol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=189–202 |date=August 1988 |pmid=3072643 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23701056">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kreydin EI, Barrisford GW, Feldman AS, Preston MA |title=Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=1215–25 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23701056 |doi=10.2214/AJR.12.10319 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Ultrasound]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of testicular cancer mass include:<ref name="VoyvodaVoyvoda2017">{{cite journal|last1=Voyvoda|first1=Nuray|last2=Voyvoda|first2=Bekir|last3=Çamurdan|first3=Özden|title=The Role of Imaging in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis, Staging and Follow-up|journal=Üroonkoloji Bülteni|volume=16|issue=2|year=2017|pages=51–56|issn=21472270|doi=10.4274/uob.694}}</ref><ref name="pmid2163557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marth D, Scheidegger J, Studer UE |title=Ultrasonography of testicular tumors |journal=Urol. Int. |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=237–40 |date=1990 |pmid=2163557 |doi=10.1159/000281715 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3072643">{{cite journal |vauthors=Benson CB |title=The role of ultrasound in diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer |journal=Semin Urol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=189–202 |date=August 1988 |pmid=3072643 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23701056">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kreydin EI, Barrisford GW, Feldman AS, Preston MA |title=Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=200 |issue=6 |pages=1215–25 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23701056 |doi=10.2214/AJR.12.10319 |url=}}</ref>
===Germ cell testicular tumor===
===Germ cell testicular tumor===
[[Seminoma]]<nowiki/>s
*[[Seminoma]]:<nowiki/>s
**Well defined hypoechoic lesion
**Well defined hypoechoic lesion
**Homogeneous
**Homogeneous
**Lack of cystic lesion
**Lack of cystic lesion
[[Embryonal carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid19066212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y |title=Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=124–6 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19066212 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyn141 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Embryonal carcinoma]]:<ref name="pmid19066212">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y |title=Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report |journal=Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=124–6 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19066212 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyn141 |url=}}</ref>
**Irregular [[calcification]]
**Irregular [[calcification]]
**Cystic areas
**Cystic areas
**Heterogeneous
**Heterogeneous
**Hypoechoic mass
**Hypoechoic mass
[[Yolk sac tumor]]<ref name="pmid16960883">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu HX, Yi XP |title=Sonographic appearance of a testicular yolk sac tumor in a 2-year-old boy |journal=J Clin Ultrasound |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=55–7 |date=January 2007 |pmid=16960883 |doi=10.1002/jcu.20249 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24921638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH, Ulbright TM |title="Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1396–409 |date=October 2014 |pmid=24921638 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Yolk sac tumor]]:<ref name="pmid16960883">{{cite journal |vauthors=Xu HX, Yi XP |title=Sonographic appearance of a testicular yolk sac tumor in a 2-year-old boy |journal=J Clin Ultrasound |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=55–7 |date=January 2007 |pmid=16960883 |doi=10.1002/jcu.20249 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24921638">{{cite journal |vauthors=Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH, Ulbright TM |title="Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1396–409 |date=October 2014 |pmid=24921638 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262 |url=}}</ref>
**Hypervascular testicular mass
**Hypervascular testicular mass
**Isoechoid
**Isoechoid
**Well-circumscribed
**Well-circumscribed
**Homogenous, ovoid
**Homogenous, ovoid
[[Choriocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid26881635">{{cite journal |vauthors=Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V |title=Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male |journal=J Cancer Res Ther |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1035 |date=2015 |pmid=26881635 |doi=10.4103/0973-1482.154010 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Choriocarcinoma]]:<ref name="pmid26881635">{{cite journal |vauthors=Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V |title=Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male |journal=J Cancer Res Ther |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1035 |date=2015 |pmid=26881635 |doi=10.4103/0973-1482.154010 |url=}}</ref>
*Hemorraghic and necrotic
**Hemorraghic and necrotic
*calcified and cystic
**Calcified and cystic
* It is used to confirm that there is a tumor in the testicle and check its size, shape, location, and density.
* Ultrasound can help to distinguish benign [[tumors]] from malignant ones.


* It is used to confirm that there is a tumor in the testicle and check its size, shape, location and density.
* Ultrasound can help to distinguish benign [[tumors]] from malignant ones.
===Sex cord stromal testicular tumor===
===Sex cord stromal testicular tumor===
[[Leydig cell tumor]]<ref name="pmid9808128">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM |title=Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1361–7 |date=November 1998 |pmid=9808128 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17284120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Agha OM, Axiotis CA |title=An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=311–7 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17284120 |doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>
[[Leydig cell tumor]]<ref name="pmid9808128">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM |title=Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1361–7 |date=November 1998 |pmid=9808128 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17284120">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Agha OM, Axiotis CA |title=An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=311–7 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17284120 |doi=10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2 |url=}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:12, 21 May 2019

Testicular cancer Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Shanshan Cen, M.D. [3]

Overview

Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of testicular cancer mass include well defined well circumscribed hypoechoic lesion for seminomas; calcification, cystic spaces, and heterogeneous for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.

Ultrasound

  • Ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Findings on ultrasound suggestive of testicular cancer mass include:[1][2][3][4]

Germ cell testicular tumor

  • Seminoma:s
    • Well defined hypoechoic lesion
    • Homogeneous
    • Lack of cystic lesion
  • Embryonal carcinoma:[5]
    • Irregular calcification
    • Cystic areas
    • Heterogeneous
    • Hypoechoic mass
  • Yolk sac tumor:[6][7]
    • Hypervascular testicular mass
    • Isoechoid
    • Well-circumscribed
    • Homogenous, ovoid
  • Choriocarcinoma:[8]
    • Hemorraghic and necrotic
    • Calcified and cystic
  • It is used to confirm that there is a tumor in the testicle and check its size, shape, location, and density.
  • Ultrasound can help to distinguish benign tumors from malignant ones.

Sex cord stromal testicular tumor

Leydig cell tumor[9][10]

  • Well defined
  • hypoechoid and cystic mass
  • Homogeneous and calcified
  • Hypervascular peripheral blood flow

Sertoli cell tumor[11][12]

  • Hyperechogenic mass on calcified subtype
  • hypervascular around the calcified areas
  • Lack of cystic tissues

Granulosa cell tumor[13]

  • Solid and hypoechoid mass

References

  1. ↑ Voyvoda, Nuray; Voyvoda, Bekir; Çamurdan, Özden (2017). "The Role of Imaging in Testicular Cancer Diagnosis, Staging and Follow-up". Üroonkoloji Bülteni. 16 (2): 51–56. doi:10.4274/uob.694. ISSN 2147-2270.
  2. ↑ Marth D, Scheidegger J, Studer UE (1990). "Ultrasonography of testicular tumors". Urol. Int. 45 (4): 237–40. doi:10.1159/000281715. PMID 2163557.
  3. ↑ Benson CB (August 1988). "The role of ultrasound in diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer". Semin Urol. 6 (3): 189–202. PMID 3072643.
  4. ↑ Kreydin EI, Barrisford GW, Feldman AS, Preston MA (June 2013). "Testicular cancer: what the radiologist needs to know". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200 (6): 1215–25. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.10319. PMID 23701056.
  5. ↑ Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y (February 2009). "Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report". Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 39 (2): 124–6. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyn141. PMID 19066212.
  6. ↑ Xu HX, Yi XP (January 2007). "Sonographic appearance of a testicular yolk sac tumor in a 2-year-old boy". J Clin Ultrasound. 35 (1): 55–7. doi:10.1002/jcu.20249. PMID 16960883.
  7. ↑ Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH, Ulbright TM (October 2014). ""Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 38 (10): 1396–409. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262. PMID 24921638.
  8. ↑ Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V (2015). "Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male". J Cancer Res Ther. 11 (4): 1035. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.154010. PMID 26881635.
  9. ↑ Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM (November 1998). "Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22 (11): 1361–7. PMID 9808128.
  10. ↑ Al-Agha OM, Axiotis CA (February 2007). "An in-depth look at Leydig cell tumor of the testis". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 131 (2): 311–7. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2007)131[311:AILALC]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17284120.
  11. ↑ Ulbright TM, Amin MB, Young RH (June 2007). "Intratubular large cell hyalinizing sertoli cell neoplasia of the testis: a report of 8 cases of a distinctive lesion of the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 31 (6): 827–35. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3180309e33. PMID 17527069.
  12. ↑ Giglio M, Medica M, De Rose AF, Germinale F, Ravetti JL, Carmignani G (2003). "Testicular sertoli cell tumours and relative sub-types. Analysis of clinical and prognostic features". Urol. Int. 70 (3): 205–10. doi:10.1159/000068770. PMID 12660458.
  13. ↑ Song Z, Vaughn DJ, Bing Z (October 2011). "Adult type granulosa cell tumor in adult testis: report of a case and review of the literature". Rare Tumors. 3 (4): e37. doi:10.4081/rt.2011.e37. PMC 3282442. PMID 22355492.


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