Sudden infant death syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] may be seen more often in mothers who are younger, less educated, and nonwhite, and smoked during the pregnancy. | *Common risk factors in the development of [[Sudden infant death syndrome|SIDS]] may be seen more often in mothers who are younger, less educated, and nonwhite, and smoked during the pregnancy. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vamsikrishna Gunnam M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
OR
Common risk factors in the development of SIDS include maternal factors such as age of the mother, smoking history, and prenatal care history, environmental factors which include preterm birth, prone sleeping position, bed-sharing, and overheating.
OR
Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of SIDS may be seen more often in mothers who are younger, less educated, and nonwhite, and smoked during the pregnancy.
- Common risk factors in the development of Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) include:[1][2][3][4]
Maternal risk factors
- Maternal factors which include the following:
- Maternal age:
- Mother who are very young in age are more prone to have SIDS conditions
- Maternal smoking:
- Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of SIDS
- Placental abnormalities:
- Placental abnormalities which include placenta previa, abruptio placentae, premature rupture of membranes or small for gestational age increases the risk of SIDS
- Prenatal care:
- Mothers who did not attend prenatal care are at risk of SIDS
- Maternal age:
Infant risk factors
- Infant risk factors which include the following:
- Prematurity
- Low birth weight
- The risk of developing SIDS in low to very low weight infants is four times higher than normal birth weight infants[8]
- Gestational hypertension with smoking are associated very highly with low birth weight
- Sibling of SIDS
- Due to biologic and/or epidemiological influence the risk of developing SIDS in siblings of SIDS infants is increased to sixfold[9][10]
- But often deaths that are related to inborn errors of metabolism and child abuse are mistaken as SIDS
- Twins
- The risk of developing SIDS in twins is almost double than normal population
- The risk of developing SIDS in twins in according with gestational age ≥37 weeks as follows:
- Relative risk (RR) of SIDS is 1.31- Gestational age 37 to 38 weeks
- Relative risk (RR) of SIDS is 1.47- Gestational age 39 to 40 weeks
- Relative risk (RR) of SIDS is 2.09- Gestational age ≥41 weeks
- History of apnea of the infant
- Sleep position of the infant
- One of the strongest risk factors for developing SIDS is corresponding to the sleep position of the infant
- Prone sleeping position of the infant is the the most important and vulnerable position for the infant to develop SIDS.
- If possible try to avoid side positioning of the infant as this position might lead to the prone position and that in turn leads to the SIDS.
- Supine positioning of the infant for every sleep of every day and every time decreases the risk of developing SIDS.
- Sleep environment of the infant
- The following sleep environments increases the risk of developing SIDS in an infant :
- Soft sleeping surface
- Loose bedding accessories
- Crib bumper pads
- Bed-sharing
- Car safety seats and other sitting or inclined rocking devices
- In car due to the sitting position of the infant where the oxygenation decreases increases the risk of SIDS.
- Overheating
- Using more than 2 blankets or using more clotting or increased in the room temperature increases the risk of SIDS.
- Swaddling
- The following sleep environments increases the risk of developing SIDS in an infant :
References
- ↑ MacDorman MF, Cnattingius S, Hoffman HJ, Kramer MS, Haglund B (1997). "Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden". Am J Epidemiol. 146 (3): 249–57. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009260. PMID 9247009.
- ↑ Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair PS, England PD, Fleming P, Huber J; et al. (2004). "Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study". Lancet. 363 (9404): 185–91. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15323-8. PMID 14738790.
- ↑ Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ, Peterson DR (1992). "Sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking". Am J Public Health. 82 (10): 1380–2. doi:10.2105/ajph.82.10.1380. PMC 1695879. PMID 1415865.
- ↑ Getahun D, Amre D, Rhoads GG, Demissie K (2004). "Maternal and obstetric risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome in the United States". Obstet Gynecol. 103 (4): 646–52. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000117081.50852.04. PMID 15051553.
- ↑ Ostfeld BM, Schwartz-Soicher O, Reichman NE, Teitler JO, Hegyi T (2017). "Prematurity and Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths in the United States". Pediatrics. 140 (1). doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3334. PMID 28759397.
- ↑ Malloy MH, Hoffman HJ (1995). "Prematurity, sudden infant death syndrome, and age of death". Pediatrics. 96 (3 Pt 1): 464–71. PMID 7651779.
- ↑ Thompson JM, Mitchell EA, New Zealand Cot Death Study Group (2006). "Are the risk factors for SIDS different for preterm and term infants?". Arch Dis Child. 91 (2): 107–11. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.071167. PMC 2082673. PMID 15871984.
- ↑ Bigger HR, Silvestri JM, Shott S, Weese-Mayer DE (1998). "Influence of increased survival in very low birth weight, low birth weight, and normal birth weight infants on the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: 1985-1991". J Pediatr. 133 (1): 73–8. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70181-7. PMID 9672514.
- ↑ Guntheroth WG, Lohmann R, Spiers PS (1990). "Risk of sudden infant death syndrome in subsequent siblings". J Pediatr. 116 (4): 520–4. doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81596-3. PMID 2319397.
- ↑ Oyen N, Skjaerven R, Irgens LM (1996). "Population-based recurrence risk of sudden infant death syndrome compared with other infant and fetal deaths". Am J Epidemiol. 144 (3): 300–5. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008925. PMID 8686699.
- ↑ Pease AS, Fleming PJ, Hauck FR, Moon RY, Horne RS, L'Hoir MP; et al. (2016). "Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (6). doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3275. PMID 27244847.
- ↑ Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RS (2010). "Influence of swaddling experience on spontaneous arousal patterns and autonomic control in sleeping infants". J Pediatr. 157 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.005. PMID 20227720.
- ↑ Richardson HL, Walker AM, Horne RS (2009). "Minimizing the risks of sudden infant death syndrome: to swaddle or not to swaddle?". J Pediatr. 155 (4): 475–81. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.043. PMID 19540517.