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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.<ref name="Imazio2012">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|title=Contemporary management of pericardial diseases|journal=Current Opinion in Cardiology|volume=27|issue=3|year=2012|pages=308–317|issn=0268-4705|doi=10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283524fbe}}</ref><ref name="ImazioSpodick2010">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|last2=Spodick|first2=David H.|last3=Brucato|first3=Antonio|last4=Trinchero|first4=Rita|last5=Adler|first5=Yehuda|title=Controversial Issues in the Management of Pericardial Diseases|journal=Circulation|volume=121|issue=7|year=2010|pages=916–928|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844753}}</ref><ref name="ImazioBrucato2009">{{cite journal|last1=Imazio|first1=Massimo|last2=Brucato|first2=Antonio|last3=DeRosa|first3=Francesco Giuseppe|last4=Lestuzzi|first4=Chiara|last5=Bombana|first5=Enrico|last6=Scipione|first6=Federica|last7=Leuzzi|first7=Stefano|last8=Cecchi|first8=Enrico|last9=Trinchero|first9=Rita|last10=Adler|first10=Yehuda|title=Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine|volume=10|issue=3|year=2009|pages=217–230|issn=1558-2027|doi=10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1}}</ref><ref name="SliwaMocumbi2009">{{cite journal|last1=Sliwa|first1=Karen|last2=Mocumbi|first2=Ana Olga|title=Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa|journal=Clinical Research in Cardiology|volume=99|issue=2|year=2009|pages=65–74|issn=1861-0684|doi=10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1}}</ref>
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Addisonian crisis]]
*[[Addisonian crisis]]

Revision as of 03:45, 4 March 2020

Pericarditis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2] Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [3] Homa Najafi, M.D.[4]

Overview

Life threatening causes of pericarditis include acute myocardial infarction, Addisonian crisis, aortic dissection and rupture, blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal perforation, gastric perforation, and myocardial rupture. Common causes of pericarditis include viruses, bacteria, neoplasms, and renal failure.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.[1][2][3][4]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute myocardial infarction, aortic rupture, benign obstruction of thoracic duct, dissecting aortic aneurysm, Dresslers syndrome, endocarditis, myocardial rupture, myocarditis
Chemical / poisoning Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
Dermatologic Behcet syndrome
Drug Side Effect Aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anticoagulants, bromocriptine, cromolyn sodium, certolizumab pegol, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dantrolene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, Doxycycline, 5-fluorouracil, hydantoin, hydralazine, isoniazid, mesalazine, methyldopa, methysergide, minoxidil, Olsalazine, penicillin, Pergolide, phenylbutazone, practolol, pramipexole, procainamide, procainamide, reserpine, ropinirole, streptokinase, streptomycin, sulfa drugs, Thalidomide, thiazides, thiouracil, thrombolytics, tocainide
Ear Nose Throat Temporal arteritis
Endocrine Addisonian crisis, hypothyroidism, myxedema
Environmental Asbestosis, polytetrafluoroethylene inhalation, silicosis
Gastroenterologic Inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple's disease
Genetic Gaucher disease, Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome, Mulibrey nanism syndrome, recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Hematologic Leukemia, lymphoma
Iatrogenic Cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis, heart surgery, pacemaker syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, radiation therapy, TAVI, thoracic surgery, vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever), valvuloplasty
Infectious Disease Actinomycosis, adenovirus, alveolar hydatid disease, amebiasis, aspergillus, blastomycosis, borrelia, brucellosis, candida, chlamydia psittaci, coccidiomycosis, coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus, E.coli, EBV, echinococcus, ECHO virus, entamoeba histolytica, francisella, haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, herpes viruses, histoplasmosis, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza, klebsiella, legionella, Lyme disease, meningococci, mumps, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma, neisseria, nocardia, pneumococcus, proteus, pseudomonas, rickettsia, salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, ureaplasma, varicella
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Ankylosing spondylitis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Reiter's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Angioma, breast cancer, carcinoid, fibroma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, leukemia, lipoma, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium, ovarian cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, Sipple syndrome, teratoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte Uremic pericarditis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet syndrome, Dressler's syndrome, familial mediterranean fever, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, Reiter's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Still's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual Neisseria gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum
Trauma Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal rupture, esophogeal perforation, gastric perforation, pancreatic-pericardial fistula
Urologic Renal failure, uremia
Miscellaneous Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Summery of causes

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pericarditis classification based on etiology
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Infectious causes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-infectious causes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Viral:

Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses)

Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6)

Adenoviruses

Parvovirus B19
 
Bacterial:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Coxiella burnetii

Borrelia burgdorferi
 
Fungal:

Histoplasma species

Aspergillus species

Blastomyces species

Candida species
 
Parasitic:

Echinococcus species

Toxoplasma species
 
Autoimmune:

Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases

Systemic vasculitides

Sarcoidosis

Familial Mediterranean fever

IBD

Still disease
 
 
Neoplastic:

Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma)

secondary metastatic tumors( lung and breast cancer, lymphoma)
 
Metabolic:

Uraemia

Myxoedema

Anorexia nervosa
 
Traumatic and Iatrogenic
 
Drug-related
 
Others:

Amyloidosis

Aortic dissection

Pulmonary arterial

Hypertension

Chronic heart failure

Congenital absence of the pericardium

References

  1. ↑ Imazio, Massimo (2012). "Contemporary management of pericardial diseases". Current Opinion in Cardiology. 27 (3): 308–317. doi:10.1097/HCO.0b013e3283524fbe. ISSN 0268-4705.
  2. ↑ Imazio, Massimo; Spodick, David H.; Brucato, Antonio; Trinchero, Rita; Adler, Yehuda (2010). "Controversial Issues in the Management of Pericardial Diseases". Circulation. 121 (7): 916–928. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.844753. ISSN 0009-7322.
  3. ↑ Imazio, Massimo; Brucato, Antonio; DeRosa, Francesco Giuseppe; Lestuzzi, Chiara; Bombana, Enrico; Scipione, Federica; Leuzzi, Stefano; Cecchi, Enrico; Trinchero, Rita; Adler, Yehuda (2009). "Aetiological diagnosis in acute and recurrent pericarditis: when and how". Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 10 (3): 217–230. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e328322f9b1. ISSN 1558-2027.
  4. ↑ Sliwa, Karen; Mocumbi, Ana Olga (2009). "Forgotten cardiovascular diseases in Africa". Clinical Research in Cardiology. 99 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1007/s00392-009-0094-1. ISSN 1861-0684.

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