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| {{Asperger syndrome}} | | {{Asperger syndrome}} |
| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SHA}} |
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| ==<s>Overview</s>==
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| <s>The '''history of Asperger syndrome''' (AS), an [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD), is brief; [[Asperger syndrome]] is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of [[autism]],<ref name="What'sSpecial">{{cite journal |author=Baron-Cohen S, Klin A |title=What's so special about Asperger Syndrome? |journal=Brain and cognition |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16563588 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2006.02.002|url=http://www.elsevier.com/authored_subject_sections/S05/S05_360/pdf/klin.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> named in honor of [[Hans Asperger]] (1906–80), an Austrian [[psychiatrist]] and [[pediatrician]]. An English psychiatrist, [[Lorna Wing]], popularized the term "Asperger's syndrome" in a 1981 publication; the first book in English on Asperger syndrome was written by [[Uta Frith]] in 1991 and the condition was subsequently recognized in formal diagnostic manuals later in the 1990s.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /></s>
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| ==<s>Asperger and Kanner</s>==
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| <s>Asperger was the director of the University Children's Clinic in Vienna, spending most of his professional life in Vienna and publishing largely in German.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> In 1944, Asperger described in the paper "'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood"<ref name="ha" /> four children in his practice<ref name="Baskin">{{cite journal |author= Baskin JH, Sperber M, Price BH |title= Asperger syndrome revisited |journal= Rev Neurol Dis |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16596080}}</ref> who had difficulty in integrating themselves socially. Although their intelligence appeared normal, the children lacked nonverbal communication skills, failed to demonstrate empathy with their peers, and were physically clumsy. Their speaking was either disjointed or overly formal, and their all-absorbing interest in a single topic dominated their conversations. Asperger called the condition "autistic psychopathy" and described it as primarily marked by [[social isolation]].<ref name="NINDS">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) ([[July 31]] [[2007]]). [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/asperger/detail_asperger.htm Asperger Syndrome Fact Sheet.] Retrieved [[24 August]] [[2007]].</ref> Asperger called his young patients "little professors",<ref name="ha">{{cite book |author= [[Hans Asperger|Asperger H]]; tr. and annot. Frith U |origdate=1944 |chapter= 'Autistic psychopathy' in childhood |editor= Frith U |title= Autism and Asperger syndrome |date=1991 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=052138608X |pages=37–92}}</ref> and believed the individuals he described would be capable of exceptional achievement and original thought later in life.<ref name="Baskin" /></s>
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| <s>Two subtypes of autism were described between 1943 and 1944 by two Austrian researchers working independently—Asperger and Austrian-born child psychiatrist [[Leo Kanner]] (1894–1981). Kanner emigrated to the United States in 1924;<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> he described a similar syndrome in 1943, known as "classic autism" or "[[Autism|Kannerian autism]]", characterized by significant cognitive and communicative deficiencies, including delayed or absent [[language development]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= [[Leo Kanner|Kanner L]] |title= Autistic disturbances of affective contact |journal= Nerv Child |volume=2 |pages=217–50 |date=1943}} Reprint (1968) ''Acta Paedopsychiatr'' 35 (4): 100–36. PMID 4880460.</ref> Kanner's descriptions were influenced by the developmental approach of [[Arnold Gesell]], while Asperger was influenced by accounts of [[schizophrenia]] and personality disorders.<ref name="Klin">{{cite journal |journal= Rev Bras Psiquiatr |year=2006 |volume=28 |issue= suppl 1 |pages=S3–S11 |title= Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview |author= Klin A |doi=10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 |pmid=16791390 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000500002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en}}</ref> Asperger's frame of reference was [[Eugen Bleuler]]'s typology, which Gillberg described as "out of keeping with current diagnostic manuals", adding that Asperger's desriptions are "penetrating but not sufficiently systematic".<ref name="EhlGill">{{cite journal |author= Ehlers S, Gillberg C |title= The epidemiology of Asperger's syndrome. A total population study |journal= J Child Psychol Psychiat |year=1993 |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1327–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x |pmid=8294522}} {{cite web |url=http://asperger.org/Publications/Ehlers_and_Gillberg_Article.asp |title= Truncated version |accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> Asperger was unaware of Kanner's description published a year before his;<ref name="Klin" /> the two researchers were separated by an ocean and a raging war, and Asperger's descriptions were ignored in the United States.<ref name="Baskin" /> During his lifetime, Asperger's work, in German, remained largely unknown outside the German-speaking world.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /></s>
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| ==<s>Coinage</s>==
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| <s>According to Ishikawa and Ichihashi in the ''Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine'', the first author to use the term ''Asperger's syndrome'' in the English-language literature was the German physician, Gerhard Bosch.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishikawa G, Ichihashi K |title=[Autistic psychopathy or pervasive developmental disorder: how has Asperger's syndrome changed in the past sixty years?] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Rinsho |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=409–18 |year=2007 |pmid=17354550}}</ref> Between 1951 and 1962, Bosch worked as a psychiatrist at [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt University]]. In 1962, he published a monograph detailing five case histories of individuals with PDD<ref>{{de icon}} Bosch G (1962). Der frühkindliche Autismus - eine klinische und
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| phänomenologisch-anthropologische. ''Untersuchung am Leitfaden der Sprache''. Berlin: Springer.</ref> that was translated to English eight years later,<ref> Bosch G (1970). Infantile autism – a clinical and phenomenological anthropological investigation taking language as the guide. Berlin: Springer.</ref> becoming one of the first to establish German research on autism, and attracting attention outside the German-speaking world.<ref name="Bosch">{{cite journal | title = Bosch’s Cases: a 40 years follow-up of patients with infantile autism and Asperger syndrome | author = Bölte S, Bosch G | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20040411195432/http://www.gjpsy.uni-goettingen.de/gjp-article-boelte.pdf | format = PDF|journal=Journal of Psychiatry|accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref></s>
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| <s>[[Lorna Wing]] is credited with widely popularizing the term "Asperger's syndrome" in the English-speaking medical community in her 1981 publication<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wing L |title=Asperger's syndrome: a clinical account |journal=Psychological medicine |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=115–29 |year=1981 |pmid=7208735 |url=http://www.mugsy.org/wing2.htm | accessdate= 2007-08-15}}</ref> of a series of case studies of children showing similar symptoms.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> Wing also placed AS on the autism spectrum, although Asperger was uncomfortable characterizing his patient on the continuum of autistic spectrum disorders.<ref name="Baskin" /> She chose "Asperger's syndrome" as a neutral term to avoid the misunderstanding equated by the term ''autistic psychopathy'' with sociopathic behavior.<ref name="Mattila" /> Wing's publication effectively introduced the diagnostic concept into American psychiatry and renamed the condition as Asperger's;<ref name="McPartland">{{cite journal |author= McPartland J, Klin A |title= Asperger's syndrome |journal= Adolesc Med Clin |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=771–88 |year=2006 |pmid=17030291 |doi=10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 |doi_brokendate=2008-06-22}}</ref> however, her accounts blurred some of the distinctions between Asperger's and Kanner's descriptions because she included some mildly retarded children and some children who presented with language delays early in life.<ref name="Klin" /></s>
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| ==<s>Early studies</s>==
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| <s>The first systematic studies appeared in the late 1980s in publications by Tantam (1988) in the UK, Gillberg and Gilbert in Sweden (1989), and Szatmari, Bartolucci and Bremmer (1989) in North America.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> The diagnostic criteria for AS were outlined by Gillberg and Gillberg in 1989; Szatmari also proposed criteria in 1989.<ref name="Mattila">{{cite journal |author=Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Jussila K, ''et al'' |title=An epidemiological and diagnostic study of Asperger syndrome according to four sets of diagnostic criteria |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=636–46 |year=2007 |pmid=17450055 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318033ff42}}</ref> Asperger's work became more widely available in English when [[Uta Frith]], an early researcher of Kannerian autism, translated his original paper in 1991.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> AS became a distinct diagnosis in 1992, when it was included in the 10th published edition of the [[World Health Organization]]’s diagnostic manual, International Classification of Diseases ([[ICD-10]]); in 1994, it was added to the fourth edition of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' ([[DSM-IV]]) as ''Asperger's Disorder''.<ref name="NINDS" /></s>
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| ==<s>Contemporary</s>==
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| <s>Less than two decades after the widespread introduction of AS to English-speaking audiences, there are hundreds of books, articles and websites describing it; prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with AS recognized as an important subgroup.<ref name="What'sSpecial" /> However, questions remain concerning many aspects of AS; whether it should be a separate condition from [[high-functioning autism]] is a fundamental issue requiring further study.<ref name="Baskin" /> The [[Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome|diagnostic validity of Asperger syndrome is tentative]], there is little consensus among clinical researchers about the usage of the term "Asperger's syndrome", and there are questions about the empirical validation of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria.<ref name="Klin" /> It is likely that the definition of the condition will change as new studies emerge<ref name="Klin" /> and it will eventually be understood as a multifactorial heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder involving a catalyst that results in prenatal or perinatal changes in brain structures.<ref name="Baskin" /></s>
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| == Overview == | | == Overview == |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shakiba Hassanzadeh, MD[2]
Overview
Asperger Syndrome (AS) is believed to be first described as ‘autistic psychopathy’ in German by Hans Asperger.[1][2] He distinguished his cases from autism which later became known as 'Asperger's Syndrome'.[3] In 1981, Lorna Wing published Asperger’s works in English.[4] In 1994, DSM-4 classified Asperger Syndrome (AS) as a subtype in the category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). In 2013, DSM-5 combined 4 of the 5 subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) category.[5]
Historical Perspective
- In 1938, Hans Asperger described ‘autistic psychopaths’ in German.[1]
- In 1943, Leo Kanner described 11 cases with ‘infantile autism’ in his paper.[6]
- In 1944, Hans Asperger, described four children with ‘autistic psychopathy’ in his thesis.[2]
- Asperger used the term ‘autistic psychopathy' to describe the cases in his studies and distinguished them from autism, which later were became known as 'Asperger's Syndrome'.[3]
- In 1981, Lorna Wing published Asperger’s works in English (translated from German).[4]
- In 1991, Uta Frith translated Asperger's thesis into English. Frith, Uta (1991). Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521386081.
- In 1994, DSM-4 classified Asperger Syndrome (AS) as a subtype in the category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).
- In 2013, DSM-5 combined 4 of the 5 subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) category.[5]
References
Template:Pervasive developmental disorders
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| Psychoactive substance | |
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| Psychotic disorder | |
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| Mood (affective) | |
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Neurotic, stress-related
and somatoform | |
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Physiological/physical
behavioural | Eating disorder ( anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) · Sleep disorder ( dyssomnia, insomnia, hypersomnia, parasomnia, night terror, nightmare) · Sexual dysfunction ( erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, vaginismus, dyspareunia, hypersexuality) · Postpartum depression |
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Adult personality
and behaviour | |
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Psychological development
(developmental disorder) | |
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Behavioural and emotional,
childhood and adolescence onset | |
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