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==Overview==
==Overview==
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy include, high-grade proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, hypoalbuniemia, hyperlipidemia, CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, hyaline casts, leukocytes, oval fat bodies, and microhematuria.
Laboratory findings in HIV-associated nephropathy include: high-grade proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, hypoalbuniemia, hyperlipidemia, CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, hyaline casts, leukocytes, oval fat bodies, and microhematuria.


==Laboratory Findings==
==Laboratory Findings==
'''Renal Biopsy'''
'''<s>Renal Biopsy</s>'''


* Renal biopsy is the standard in establishing a diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy.  
*<s>Renal biopsy is the standard in establishing a diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy.</s>
* Renal biopsy reveals focal segmental glomerulonephritis, significant tubulointerstitial injury and microcystic tubular dilation are characteristically seen. <ref name="pmid2770114">{{cite journal| author=D'Agati V, Suh JI, Carbone L, Cheng JT, Appel G| title=Pathology of HIV-associated nephropathy: a detailed morphologic and comparative study. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1358-70 | pmid=2770114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2770114  }}</ref>
*<s>Renal biopsy reveals focal segmental glomerulonephritis, significant tubulointerstitial injury and microcystic tubular dilation are characteristically seen. <ref name="pmid2770114">{{cite journal| author=D'Agati V, Suh JI, Carbone L, Cheng JT, Appel G| title=Pathology of HIV-associated nephropathy: a detailed morphologic and comparative study. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1989 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1358-70 | pmid=2770114 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2770114  }}</ref></s>


* Renal [[biopsy]] is an essential tool for evaluation and identification of HIV-associated and other kidney diseases in HIV-positive patients, which is important in the management and treatment of the patients.<ref name="pmid18295067">{{cite journal| author=Fine DM, Perazella MA, Lucas GM, Atta MG| title=Kidney biopsy in HIV: beyond HIV-associated nephropathy. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 504-14 | pmid=18295067 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18295067  }} </ref>
*<s>Renal [[biopsy]] is an essential tool for evaluation and identification of HIV-associated and other kidney diseases in HIV-positive patients, which is important in the management and treatment of the patients.<ref name="pmid18295067">{{cite journal| author=Fine DM, Perazella MA, Lucas GM, Atta MG| title=Kidney biopsy in HIV: beyond HIV-associated nephropathy. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis | year= 2008 | volume= 51 | issue= 3 | pages= 504-14 | pmid=18295067 | doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.005 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18295067  }} </ref></s>


=== Other Laboratory Findings ===
===<s>Other Laboratory Findings</s>===
Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy include, high-grade proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, hypoalbuniemia, hyperlipidemia, CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, hyaline casts, leukocytes, oval fat bodies, and microhematuria. Routine laboratory tests that may be ordered to help in identify HIV-associated nephropathy are:
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) can not be diagnosed clinically or with noninvasive measures such as laboratory findings or ultrasound.
 
Laboratory findings in HIV-associated nephropathy include:
 
* High-grade proteinuria  
* Elevated serum creatinine levels,
* Hypoalbuniemia
* Hyperlipidemia
* CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>
* Hyaline casts
* Leukocytes
* Oval fat bodies
* Microhematuria
 
Routine laboratory tests that may be ordered to help in identify HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) are:


'''Blood Work-up'''
'''Blood Work-up'''

Revision as of 06:12, 29 June 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Ali Poyan Mehr, M.D. [2];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Krzysztof Wierzbicki M.D. [3]

Overview

Laboratory findings in HIV-associated nephropathy include: high-grade proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine levels, hypoalbuniemia, hyperlipidemia, CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3, hyaline casts, leukocytes, oval fat bodies, and microhematuria.

Laboratory Findings

Renal Biopsy

  • Renal biopsy is the standard in establishing a diagnosis of HIV-associated nephropathy.
  • Renal biopsy reveals focal segmental glomerulonephritis, significant tubulointerstitial injury and microcystic tubular dilation are characteristically seen. [1]
  • Renal biopsy is an essential tool for evaluation and identification of HIV-associated and other kidney diseases in HIV-positive patients, which is important in the management and treatment of the patients.[2]

Other Laboratory Findings

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) can not be diagnosed clinically or with noninvasive measures such as laboratory findings or ultrasound.

Laboratory findings in HIV-associated nephropathy include:

  • High-grade proteinuria
  • Elevated serum creatinine levels,
  • Hypoalbuniemia
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm3
  • Hyaline casts
  • Leukocytes
  • Oval fat bodies
  • Microhematuria

Routine laboratory tests that may be ordered to help in identify HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) are:

Blood Work-up

  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • Serum creatinine
  • Lipid profile
  • Albumin
  • ELISA
  • Dot blot
  • Latex agglutination test

Supplemental Test

  • Western blot
  • Immunofluorescence

Urinalysis

  • Proteinuria
  • Microhematuria
  • Leukocytes
  • Oval fat bodies
  • Hyaline casts


References

  1. ↑ D'Agati V, Suh JI, Carbone L, Cheng JT, Appel G (1989). "Pathology of HIV-associated nephropathy: a detailed morphologic and comparative study". Kidney Int. 35 (6): 1358–70. PMID 2770114.
  2. ↑ Fine DM, Perazella MA, Lucas GM, Atta MG (2008). "Kidney biopsy in HIV: beyond HIV-associated nephropathy". Am J Kidney Dis. 51 (3): 504–14. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.005. PMID 18295067.

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