Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
*[[CPVT]] is primarily due to the [[mutations]] in [[voltage-gated ion channel]] that regulate cardiac electrical function; which intermittently causes the [[heart]] to develop [[polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]] in response to the natural release of [[catecholamines]]. | *[[CPVT]] is primarily due to the [[mutations]] in [[voltage-gated ion channel]] that regulate cardiac electrical function; which intermittently causes the [[heart]] to develop [[polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]] in response to the natural release of [[catecholamines]]. | ||
*The [[genes]] encoding [[ryanodine receptor 2|cardiac ryanodine-calcium release channel]] [[ryanodine receptor 2|RyR2]] or, infrequently, [[Calsequestrin|cardiac calsequestrin]] [[Calsequestrin|CASQ2]] are involved in the release of [[calcium]] from the [[sarcoplasmic reticulum]]. | *The [[genes]] encoding [[ryanodine receptor 2|cardiac ryanodine-calcium release channel]] [[ryanodine receptor 2|RyR2]] or, infrequently, [[Calsequestrin|cardiac calsequestrin]] [[Calsequestrin|CASQ2]] are involved in the release of [[calcium]] from the [[sarcoplasmic reticulum]]. | ||
Revision as of 07:02, 23 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
OR
[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
OR
[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
OR
The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
OR
The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
- CPVT is primarily due to the mutations in voltage-gated ion channel that regulate cardiac electrical function; which intermittently causes the heart to develop polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in response to the natural release of catecholamines.
- The genes encoding cardiac ryanodine-calcium release channel RyR2 or, infrequently, cardiac calsequestrin CASQ2 are involved in the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Mutations in the genes encoding cardiac ryanodine-calcium release channel RyR2 or cardiac calsequestrin CASQ2 or other related genes, therein result in inappropriate calcium leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during electrical diastole, with a subsequent increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration.[1][2][3]
- The cytosolic calcium overload activates the sodium-calcium exchanger, leading to a transient inward current, and delayed after-depolarizations that in turn can lead to triggered arrhythmias, particularly under conditions of high β-adrenergic tone.[4][5]
- Thus, in the absence of structural abnormalities in the heart, the equilibrium of ionic currents that generate the cardiac action potential and control the excitation-contraction coupling in the cardiomyocytes is altered in CPVT, resulting in the onset of life-threatening arrhythmias.
Genetics
- Catecholaminergic polymorphic VT may have both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The following genes are associated with CPVT:
- RYR2:
- Mutations in cardiac ryanodine receptor gene RyR2 accounts for CPVT 1, and majority of the cases (approximately 50-65%).[6][7]
- Genetic linkage studies revealed the disease-causing locus with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern on chromosome 1q42–q43.[8]
- RyR2 is involved in intracellular calcium homeostasis and in the excitation-contraction coupling of the heart.
- Mutations in RYR2 cause uncontrolled calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during electrical diastole, with a subsequent increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration.[1][6]
- CASQ2:
- Mutations in cardiac calsequestrin gene CASQ2 accounts for CPVT 2, for approximately 2–5% of the CPVT cases.[9]
- The chromosome involved is located on 1p13.3-p11 with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
- CASQ2 is a Ca2+ buffering protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum that plays a role in the control of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol.
- RYR2:
- Other genes that have been associated with CPVT are:
- Unknown:
- CPVT 3 has been linked to chromosome 7p14–p22 with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.[10]
- This novel phenotype is highly malignant form of CPVT, characterized by exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmia and a minor exercise-induced QT-prolongation.
- CALM1
- Mutations in Calmodulin 1 gene CALM1 accounts for CPVT 4, for approximately <1% of the CPVT cases.
- Mutation in the CALM1 gene was first identified in a Swedish family with a history of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias, syncope, and sudden death.[11]
- The chromosome involved is located on 14q32 with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
- Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein that stabilizes RYR2 and controls its opening during diastole.[11]
- TRDN:
- Mutations in Triadin gene TRDN accounts for CPVT 5, for approximately 1-2% of the CPVT cases.[12]
- Mutations in the gene encoding Triadin (TRDN) were identified in the probands of 2 families in whom mutations for RYR2 and CASQ2 were not identified.[12]
- The chromosome involved is located on 6q22 with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
- Triadin is a protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum, physically and functionally related to the ryanodine receptor that plays a role in the control of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol.
- TRDN mutations impair FKBP12.6–RYR2 interaction, thus destabilizing the RyR2 channel opening,[13] or by a reduction of CASQ2 protein levels.[12], thus affecting calcium release and resulting in a calcium leak during diastole similar to that observed for RyR2 mutants.
- Unknown:
- More recently, two other genes have been reported to cause CPVT-like phenotype (phenocopy):[14][15]
- KCNJ2- encoding for Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel - autosomal dominant - 17q24.3
- ANKB- encoding for ankyrin B, a cytoskeletal protein - autosomal dominant - 4q25
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jiang, D.; Xiao, B.; Yang, D.; Wang, R.; Choi, P.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, H.; Chen, S. R. W. (2004). "RyR2 mutations linked to ventricular tachycardia and sudden death reduce the threshold for store-overload-induced Ca2+ release (SOICR)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (35): 13062–13067. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402388101. ISSN 0027-8424.
- ↑ di Barletta, Marina Raffaele; Viatchenko-Karpinski, Serge; Nori, Alessandra; Memmi, Mirella; Terentyev, Dmitry; Turcato, Federica; Valle, Giorgia; Rizzi, Nicoletta; Napolitano, Carlo; Gyorke, Sandor; Volpe, Pompeo; Priori, Silvia G. (2006). "Clinical Phenotype and Functional Characterization of
CASQ2
Mutations Associated With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia". Circulation. 114 (10): 1012–1019. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.623793. ISSN 0009-7322. line feed character in
|title=at position 54 (help) - ↑ Lehnart, Stephan E.; Wehrens, Xander H.T.; Laitinen, Päivi J.; Reiken, Steven R.; Deng, Shi-Xiang; Cheng, Zhenzhuang; Landry, Donald W.; Kontula, Kimmo; Swan, Heikki; Marks, Andrew R. (2004). "Sudden Death in Familial Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Associated With Calcium Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) Leak". Circulation. 109 (25): 3208–3214. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000132472.98675.EC. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Cerrone, Marina; Noujaim, Sami F.; Tolkacheva, Elena G.; Talkachou, Arkadzi; O’Connell, Ryan; Berenfeld, Omer; Anumonwo, Justus; Pandit, Sandeep V.; Vikstrom, Karen; Napolitano, Carlo; Priori, Silvia G.; Jalife, José (2007). "Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in a Mouse Model of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia". Circulation Research. 101 (10): 1039–1048. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.148064. ISSN 0009-7330.
- ↑ Knollmann, B. C. (2006). "Casq2 deletion causes sarcoplasmic reticulum volume increase, premature Ca2+ release, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia". Journal of Clinical Investigation. doi:10.1172/JCI29128. ISSN 0021-9738.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Priori, Silvia G.; Napolitano, Carlo; Tiso, Natascia; Memmi, Mirella; Vignati, Gabriele; Bloise, Raffaella; Sorrentino, Vincenzo; Danieli, Gian Antonio (2001). "Mutations in the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Gene (
hRyR2
) Underlie Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia". Circulation. 103 (2): 196–200. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.103.2.196. ISSN 0009-7322. line feed character in
|title=at position 51 (help) - ↑ Ackerman, M. J.; Priori, S. G.; Willems, S.; Berul, C.; Brugada, R.; Calkins, H.; Camm, A. J.; Ellinor, P. T.; Gollob, M.; Hamilton, R.; Hershberger, R. E.; Judge, D. P.; Le Marec, H.; McKenna, W. J.; Schulze-Bahr, E.; Semsarian, C.; Towbin, J. A.; Watkins, H.; Wilde, A.; Wolpert, C.; Zipes, D. P. (2011). "HRS/EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the State of Genetic Testing for the Channelopathies and Cardiomyopathies: This document was developed as a partnership between the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)". Europace. 13 (8): 1077–1109. doi:10.1093/europace/eur245. ISSN 1099-5129.
- ↑ Swan, Heikki; Piippo, Kirsi; Viitasalo, Matti; Heikkilä, Päivi; Paavonen, Timo; Kainulainen, Katariina; Kere, Juha; Keto, Pekka; Kontula, Kimmo; Toivonen, Lauri (1999). "Arrhythmic disorder mapped to chromosome 1q42–q43 causes malignant polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 34 (7): 2035–2042. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00461-1. ISSN 0735-1097.
- ↑ Lahat, Hadas; Pras, Elon; Olender, Tsviya; Avidan, Nili; Ben-Asher, Edna; Man, Orna; Levy-Nissenbaum, Etgar; Khoury, Asad; Lorber, Avraham; Goldman, Boleslaw; Lancet, Doron; Eldar, Michael (2001). "A Missense Mutation in a Highly Conserved Region of CASQ2 Is Associated with Autosomal Recessive Catecholamine-Induced Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Bedouin Families from Israel". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (6): 1378–1384. doi:10.1086/324565. ISSN 0002-9297.
- ↑ Bhuiyan, Zahurul A.; Hamdan, Mohamed A.; Shamsi, Eman T.A.; Postma, Alex V.; Mannens, Marcel M.A.M.; Wilde, Arthur A. M.; Al-Gazali, Lihadh (2007). "A Novel Early Onset Lethal Form of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Maps to Chromosome 7p14-p22". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 18 (10): 1060–1066. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2007.00913.x. ISSN 1045-3873.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Nyegaard, Mette; Overgaard, Michael T.; Søndergaard, Mads T.; Vranas, Marta; Behr, Elijah R.; Hildebrandt, Lasse L.; Lund, Jacob; Hedley, Paula L.; Camm, A. John; Wettrell, Göran; Fosdal, Inger; Christiansen, Michael; Børglum, Anders D. (2012). "Mutations in Calmodulin Cause Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Cardiac Death". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (4): 703–712. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.015. ISSN 0002-9297.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Roux-Buisson, Nathalie; Cacheux, Marine; Fourest-Lieuvin, Anne; Fauconnier, Jeremy; Brocard, Julie; Denjoy, Isabelle; Durand, Philippe; Guicheney, Pascale; Kyndt, Florence; Leenhardt, Antoine; Le Marec, Hervé; Lucet, Vincent; Mabo, Philippe; Probst, Vincent; Monnier, Nicole; Ray, Pierre F.; Santoni, Elodie; Trémeaux, Pauline; Lacampagne, Alain; Fauré, Julien; Lunardi, Joël; Marty, Isabelle (2012). "Absence of triadin, a protein of the calcium release complex, is responsible for cardiac arrhythmia with sudden death in human". Human Molecular Genetics. 21 (12): 2759–2767. doi:10.1093/hmg/dds104. ISSN 0964-6906.
- ↑ "Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf".
- ↑ Tristani-Firouzi, Martin; Jensen, Judy L.; Donaldson, Matthew R.; Sansone, Valeria; Meola, Giovanni; Hahn, Angelika; Bendahhou, Said; Kwiecinski, Hubert; Fidzianska, Anna; Plaster, Nikki; Fu, Ying-Hui; Ptacek, Louis J.; Tawil, Rabi (2002). "Functional and clinical characterization of KCNJ2 mutations associated with LQT7 (Andersen syndrome)". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 110 (3): 381–388. doi:10.1172/JCI15183. ISSN 0021-9738.
- ↑ Mohler, Peter J.; Splawski, Igor; Napolitano, Carlo; Bottelli, Georgia; Sharpe, Leah; Timothy, Katherine; Priori, Silvia G.; Keating, Mark T.; Bennett, Vann (2004). "A cardiac arrhythmia syndrome caused by loss of ankyrin-B function". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (24): 9137–9142. doi:10.1073/pnas.0402546101. ISSN 0027-8424.