Chest pain electrocardiogram: Difference between revisions
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==Electrocardiogram== | ==Electrocardiogram== | ||
* [[Electrocardiogram|An electrocardiogram]] is usually required for initial evaluation of chest pain. | *[[Electrocardiogram|An electrocardiogram]] is usually required for initial evaluation of chest pain. | ||
*It iis very useful for the diagnosis of several etiologies of chest pain such as; | *It iis very useful for the diagnosis of several etiologies of chest pain such as; | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
Copyleft image obtained courtesy of, http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | Copyleft image obtained courtesy of, http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | ||
====Acute aortic dissection==== | ====[[Aortic dissection|Acute aortic dissection]]==== | ||
*ECG may lead to a delay in the diagnosis as some clinicians usually follow the diagnosis of coronary artery disease due to its more common prevalence<ref name="urlAortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aortic_dissection_electrocardiogram |title=Aortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>. | *ECG may lead to a delay in the diagnosis as some clinicians usually follow the diagnosis of coronary artery disease due to its more common prevalence<ref name="urlAortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aortic_dissection_electrocardiogram |title=Aortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>. | ||
*EKG findings in aortic dissection are usually non-specific. Possible findings include:<ref name="urlAortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aortic_dissection_electrocardiogram |title=Aortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="EvangelistaIsselbacher2018">{{cite journal|last1=Evangelista|first1=Arturo|last2=Isselbacher|first2=Eric M.|last3=Bossone|first3=Eduardo|last4=Gleason|first4=Thomas G.|last5=Eusanio|first5=Marco Di|last6=Sechtem|first6=Udo|last7=Ehrlich|first7=Marek P.|last8=Trimarchi|first8=Santi|last9=Braverman|first9=Alan C.|last10=Myrmel|first10=Truls|last11=Harris|first11=Kevin M.|last12=Hutchinson|first12=Stuart|last13=O’Gara|first13=Patrick|last14=Suzuki|first14=Toru|last15=Nienaber|first15=Christoph A.|last16=Eagle|first16=Kim A.|title=Insights From the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection|journal=Circulation|volume=137|issue=17|year=2018|pages=1846–1860|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031264}}</ref><ref name="HirataWake2010">{{cite journal|last1=Hirata|first1=Kazuhito|last2=Wake|first2=Minoru|last3=Kyushima|first3=Masahiro|last4=Takahashi|first4=Takanori|last5=Nakazato|first5=Jun|last6=Mototake|first6=Hidemitsu|last7=Tengan|first7=Toshiho|last8=Yasumoto|first8=Hiroshi|last9=Henzan|first9=Eisei|last10=Maeshiro|first10=Masao|last11=Asato|first11=Hiroaki|title=Electrocardiographic changes in patients with type A acute aortic dissection|journal=Journal of Cardiology|volume=56|issue=2|year=2010|pages=147–153|issn=09145087|doi=10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.03.007}}</ref> | *EKG findings in aortic dissection are usually non-specific. Possible findings include:<ref name="urlAortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc">{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Aortic_dissection_electrocardiogram |title=Aortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="EvangelistaIsselbacher2018">{{cite journal|last1=Evangelista|first1=Arturo|last2=Isselbacher|first2=Eric M.|last3=Bossone|first3=Eduardo|last4=Gleason|first4=Thomas G.|last5=Eusanio|first5=Marco Di|last6=Sechtem|first6=Udo|last7=Ehrlich|first7=Marek P.|last8=Trimarchi|first8=Santi|last9=Braverman|first9=Alan C.|last10=Myrmel|first10=Truls|last11=Harris|first11=Kevin M.|last12=Hutchinson|first12=Stuart|last13=O’Gara|first13=Patrick|last14=Suzuki|first14=Toru|last15=Nienaber|first15=Christoph A.|last16=Eagle|first16=Kim A.|title=Insights From the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection|journal=Circulation|volume=137|issue=17|year=2018|pages=1846–1860|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031264}}</ref><ref name="HirataWake2010">{{cite journal|last1=Hirata|first1=Kazuhito|last2=Wake|first2=Minoru|last3=Kyushima|first3=Masahiro|last4=Takahashi|first4=Takanori|last5=Nakazato|first5=Jun|last6=Mototake|first6=Hidemitsu|last7=Tengan|first7=Toshiho|last8=Yasumoto|first8=Hiroshi|last9=Henzan|first9=Eisei|last10=Maeshiro|first10=Masao|last11=Asato|first11=Hiroaki|title=Electrocardiographic changes in patients with type A acute aortic dissection|journal=Journal of Cardiology|volume=56|issue=2|year=2010|pages=147–153|issn=09145087|doi=10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.03.007}}</ref> | ||
Non-specific ST-segment changes | Non-specific ST-segment changes | ||
Atrioventricular block (second degree) | Atrioventricular block (second degree) | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aisha Adigun, B.Sc., M.D.[2]
Overview
The key findings to look for on EKG is ST elevation which is characteristic of myocardial infarction. Diffuse ST elevation may point to the diagnosis of pericarditis. Serial EKG's should be obtain to evaluate for continued or progression of myocardial injury over time.
Electrocardiogram
- An electrocardiogram is usually required for initial evaluation of chest pain.
- It iis very useful for the diagnosis of several etiologies of chest pain such as;
Acute coronary syndrome
- A standard 12 lead ECG is recommended in all patients with chest pain within 10 minutes of presentation if acute coronary syndrome is suspected[1][2].
- Findings on ECG suggestive of ACS include[3][4], ST elevation, ST depression and a new left bundle branch block (LBBB)
- It is important to note that a normal ECG does not rule out the presence of an acute myocardial infarction as ECG can show a hyper-acute T wave[5][6] [7] as an early presentation.
- If an initial ECG is non-diagnostic and there is still a high clinical suspicion of an MI, a repeat ECG should be conducted.
- It is helpful to have precious ECGs of a patient to determine if findings observed are new.
Shown below is an EKG demonstrating clear ST elevation in the right precordial leads depicting STEMI. A coronary angiography revealed a proximal right coronary artery occlusion[8].
Copyleft image obtained courtesy of, http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
For more EKG examples of ST elevation myocardial infarction click here
Pericarditis
- ECG findings in patients with pericarditis may mirror that seen in acute myocardial infarction and carrying changes may be seen as the disease progresses.
- Findings on ECG suggestive of pericarditis at different levels include[9],
- Stage I: ST elevation in all leads; PTa depression (depression between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex)
- Stage II: Pseudonormalization (transition)
- Stage III: Inverted T waves
- Stage IV: Normalization
Copyleft image obtained courtesy of, http://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Acute aortic dissection
- ECG may lead to a delay in the diagnosis as some clinicians usually follow the diagnosis of coronary artery disease due to its more common prevalence[10].
- EKG findings in aortic dissection are usually non-specific. Possible findings include:[10][11][12]
Non-specific ST-segment changes Atrioventricular block (second degree) Left ventricular hypertrophy Sinus bradycardia
References
- ↑ Slater DK, Hlatky MA, Mark DB, Harrell FE, Pryor DB, Califf RM (October 1987). "Outcome in suspected acute myocardial infarction with normal or minimally abnormal admission electrocardiographic findings". Am. J. Cardiol. 60 (10): 766–70. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(87)91020-4. PMID 3661390.
- ↑ Brush JE, Brand DA, Acampora D, Chalmer B, Wackers FJ (May 1985). "Use of the initial electrocardiogram to predict in-hospital complications of acute myocardial infarction". N. Engl. J. Med. 312 (18): 1137–41. doi:10.1056/NEJM198505023121801. PMID 3920520.
- ↑ Lee TH, Cook EF, Weisberg M, Sargent RK, Wilson C, Goldman L (January 1985). "Acute chest pain in the emergency room. Identification and examination of low-risk patients". Arch. Intern. Med. 145 (1): 65–9. PMID 3970650.
- ↑ O'Gara, Patrick T.; Kushner, Frederick G.; Ascheim, Deborah D.; Casey, Donald E.; Chung, Mina K.; de Lemos, James A.; Ettinger, Steven M.; Fang, James C.; Fesmire, Francis M.; Franklin, Barry A.; Granger, Christopher B.; Krumholz, Harlan M.; Linderbaum, Jane A.; Morrow, David A.; Newby, L. Kristin; Ornato, Joseph P.; Ou, Narith; Radford, Martha J.; Tamis-Holland, Jacqueline E.; Tommaso, Carl L.; Tracy, Cynthia M.; Woo, Y. Joseph; Zhao, David X. (2013). "2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 61 (4): e78–e140. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.019. ISSN 0735-1097.
- ↑ Somers MP, Brady WJ, Perron AD, Mattu A (2002). "The prominant T wave: electrocardiographic differential diagnosis". Am J Emerg Med. 20 (3): 243–51. PMID 11992348. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Smith SW, Whitwam W. "Acute Coronary Syndromes." Emerg Med Clin N Am 2006; 24(1): 53-89. PMID 16308113
- ↑ "The clinical value of the ECG in noncardiac conditions." Chest 2004; 125(4): 1561-76. PMID 15078775
- ↑ "ST elevation myocardial infarction electrocardiogram - wikidoc".
- ↑ "Pericarditis electrocardiogram - wikidoc".
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Aortic dissection electrocardiogram - wikidoc".
- ↑ Evangelista, Arturo; Isselbacher, Eric M.; Bossone, Eduardo; Gleason, Thomas G.; Eusanio, Marco Di; Sechtem, Udo; Ehrlich, Marek P.; Trimarchi, Santi; Braverman, Alan C.; Myrmel, Truls; Harris, Kevin M.; Hutchinson, Stuart; O’Gara, Patrick; Suzuki, Toru; Nienaber, Christoph A.; Eagle, Kim A. (2018). "Insights From the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection". Circulation. 137 (17): 1846–1860. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031264. ISSN 0009-7322.
- ↑ Hirata, Kazuhito; Wake, Minoru; Kyushima, Masahiro; Takahashi, Takanori; Nakazato, Jun; Mototake, Hidemitsu; Tengan, Toshiho; Yasumoto, Hiroshi; Henzan, Eisei; Maeshiro, Masao; Asato, Hiroaki (2010). "Electrocardiographic changes in patients with type A acute aortic dissection". Journal of Cardiology. 56 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.03.007. ISSN 0914-5087.