Burn causes: Difference between revisions
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Burns may be caused by a wide variety of substances and external sources such as exposure to chemicals, friction, electricity, radiation, and extreme temperatures, both hot and cold. | Burns may be caused by a wide variety of substances and external sources such as exposure to chemicals, friction, electricity, radiation, and extreme temperatures, both hot and cold. | ||
===Chemical Burns=== | ===Chemical Burns=== | ||
Most chemicals (but not all) that can cause moderate to severe chemical burns are strong [[acid]]s or [[base (chemistry)|bases]]. Chemical burns are usually caused by [[caustic]] [[chemical compounds]], such as [[sodium hydroxide]], [[silver nitrate]], and more serious compounds (such as [[sulfuric acid]] and [[Nitric acid]]). [[Hydrofluoric acid]] can cause damage down to the bone and its burns are sometimes not immediately evident. | Most chemicals (but not all) that can cause moderate to severe chemical burns are strong [[acid]]s or [[base (chemistry)|bases]]. Chemical burns are usually caused by [[caustic]] [[chemical compounds]], such as [[sodium hydroxide]], [[silver nitrate]], and more serious compounds (such as [[sulfuric acid]] and [[Nitric acid]]). [[Hydrofluoric acid]] <ref name="pmid18605366">Makarovsky I, Markel G, Dushnitsky T, Eisenkraft A (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18605366 Hydrogen fluoride--the protoplasmic poison.] ''Isr Med Assoc J'' 10 (5):381-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 18605366 PMID: 18605366]</ref>can cause damage down to the bone and its burns are sometimes not immediately evident.<ref name="pmid22037150">Hardwicke J, Hunter T, Staruch R, Moiemen N (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22037150 Chemical burns--an historical comparison and review of the literature.] ''Burns'' 38 (3):383-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014 DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 22037150 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014 PMID: 22037150 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014]</ref> | ||
===Electrical Burns=== | ===Electrical Burns=== | ||
Electrical burns are generally caused by an exogenous [[electric shock]], such as being struck by [[lightning]] or [[defibrillation|defibrillated or cardioverted]] without a conductive gel. The internal injuries sustained may be disproportionate to the size of the burns seen, and the extent of the damage is not always obvious. Such injuries may lead to [[cardiac arrhythmias]], [[cardiac arrest]], and unexpected falls with resultant [[fractures]]. | Electrical burns are generally caused by an exogenous [[electric shock]], such as being struck by [[lightning]] or [[defibrillation|defibrillated or cardioverted]] without a conductive gel. The internal injuries sustained may be disproportionate to the size of the burns seen, and the extent of the damage is not always obvious. Such injuries may lead to [[cardiac arrhythmias]], [[cardiac arrest]], and unexpected falls with resultant [[fractures]]. | ||
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The demographics that are of the highest risk to suffering from scalding are young children, with their delicate skin, and the elderly over 65 years of age. | The demographics that are of the highest risk to suffering from scalding are young children, with their delicate skin, and the elderly over 65 years of age. | ||
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===Cold Burn=== | ===Cold Burn=== | ||
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The effects are very similar to that of a burn caused by extreme heat. The remedy is also the same. For a minor cold burn, it is advisable to keep the injured organ under a flow of water of comfortable temperature. This will allow heat to transfer slowly from the water to the organs. | The effects are very similar to that of a burn caused by extreme heat. The remedy is also the same. For a minor cold burn, it is advisable to keep the injured organ under a flow of water of comfortable temperature. This will allow heat to transfer slowly from the water to the organs. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]
Causes
Burns may be caused by a wide variety of substances and external sources such as exposure to chemicals, friction, electricity, radiation, and extreme temperatures, both hot and cold.
Chemical Burns
Most chemicals (but not all) that can cause moderate to severe chemical burns are strong acids or bases. Chemical burns are usually caused by caustic chemical compounds, such as sodium hydroxide, silver nitrate, and more serious compounds (such as sulfuric acid and Nitric acid). Hydrofluoric acid [1]can cause damage down to the bone and its burns are sometimes not immediately evident.[2]
Electrical Burns
Electrical burns are generally caused by an exogenous electric shock, such as being struck by lightning or defibrillated or cardioverted without a conductive gel. The internal injuries sustained may be disproportionate to the size of the burns seen, and the extent of the damage is not always obvious. Such injuries may lead to cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and unexpected falls with resultant fractures.
Radiation Burns
Radiation burns may be caused by protracted and overexposure to UV light (as from the sun), tanning booths, radiation therapy (as patients who are undergoing cancer therapy), sunlamps, and X-rays. By far the most common burn associated with radiation is sun exposure, specifically two wavelengths of light UVA, and UVB, the latter being the more dangerous of the two. Tanning booths also emit these wavelengths and may cause similar damage to the skin such as irritation, redness, swelling, and inflammation. More severe cases of sun burn result in what is known as sun poisoning.
Scalding
Scalding is a specific type of burning that is caused by hot fluids or gases. They most commonly occur in the home from exposure to high temperature tap water.[3]
Steam is a common gas that causes scalds. The injury is usually regional and usually does not cause death. More damage can be caused if hot liquids enter an orifice. However, deaths have occurred in more unusual circumstances, such as when people have accidentally broken a steam pipe.
The demographics that are of the highest risk to suffering from scalding are young children, with their delicate skin, and the elderly over 65 years of age.
Cold Burn
A cold burn (see frostbite) is a kind of burn which arises when the skin is in contact with a low-temperature body.
They can be caused by prolonged contact with moderately cold bodies (snow and cold air for instance) or brief contact with very cold bodies such as dry ice, liquid helium, liquid nitrogen, or liquid discharged from an upside-down gas duster. In such a case, the heat transfers from the skin and organs to the external cold body.
The effects are very similar to that of a burn caused by extreme heat. The remedy is also the same. For a minor cold burn, it is advisable to keep the injured organ under a flow of water of comfortable temperature. This will allow heat to transfer slowly from the water to the organs.
References
- ↑ Makarovsky I, Markel G, Dushnitsky T, Eisenkraft A (2008) Hydrogen fluoride--the protoplasmic poison. Isr Med Assoc J 10 (5):381-5. PMID: 18605366 PMID: 18605366
- ↑ Hardwicke J, Hunter T, Staruch R, Moiemen N (2012) Chemical burns--an historical comparison and review of the literature. Burns 38 (3):383-7. DOI:10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014 PMID: 22037150 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014 PMID: 22037150 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2011.09.014
- ↑ Scald and Burn Care, Public Education City of Rochester Hills Accessed February 24, 2008