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==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
To help prevent burns:
To help prevent burns:<ref name="pmid10799419">{{cite journal| author=DiGuiseppi C, Higgins JP| title=Systematic review of controlled trials of interventions to promote smoke alarms. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 2000 | volume= 82 | issue= 5 | pages= 341-8 | pmid=10799419 | doi=10.1136/adc.82.5.341 | pmc=1718310 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10799419  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27161088">{{cite journal| author=Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM, Sarvepalli S, Vaswani PA, Balhara KS | display-authors=etal| title=Prevention of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. | journal=Burns | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 6 | pages= 1183-92 | pmid=27161088 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2016.04.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27161088  }}</ref>


*Install household [[smoke]] alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.
*Install household [[smoke]] alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.<ref name="pmid10812263">{{cite journal| author=Liao CC, Rossignol AM| title=Landmarks in burn prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 5 | pages= 422-34 | pmid=10812263 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10812263  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18926639">{{cite journal| author=Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN| title=Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=18926639 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18926639  }}</ref><ref name="pmid189266392">{{cite journal| author=Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN| title=Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=18926639 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18926639  }}</ref>
*Teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.
*Fireworks<ref name="pmid18603491">{{cite journal| author=Puri V, Mahendru S, Rana R, Deshpande M| title=Firework injuries: a ten-year study. | journal=J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg | year= 2009 | volume= 62 | issue= 9 | pages= 1103-11 | pmid=18603491 | doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.080 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18603491  }}</ref>
*Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.
*Flame-retardant materials<ref name="pmid108122632">{{cite journal| author=Liao CC, Rossignol AM| title=Landmarks in burn prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2000 | volume= 26 | issue= 5 | pages= 422-34 | pmid=10812263 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10812263  }}</ref><ref name="pmid189266393">{{cite journal| author=Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN| title=Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 181-93 | pmid=18926639 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18926639  }}</ref>
*Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.
*Low ignition propensity cigarettes<ref name="pmid7959447">{{cite journal| author=Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Gairola CG, Lee BC| title=Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter. | journal=Food Chem Toxicol | year= 1994 | volume= 32 | issue= 10 | pages= 917-22 | pmid=7959447 | doi=10.1016/0278-6915(94)90090-6 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7959447  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24524537">{{cite journal| author=Alpert HR, Christiani DC, Orav EJ, Dockery DW, Connolly GN| title=Effectiveness of the cigarette ignition propensity standard in preventing unintentional residential fires in Massachusetts. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 2014 | volume= 104 | issue= 4 | pages= e56-61 | pmid=24524537 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837 | pmc=4025697 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24524537  }}</ref>
*Reducing self-harm: teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.<ref name="pmid27325218">{{cite journal| author=Cox SG, Burahee A, Albertyn R, Makahabane J, Rode H| title=Parent knowledge on paediatric burn prevention related to the home environment. | journal=Burns | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 8 | pages= 1854-1860 | pmid=27325218 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27325218  }}</ref><ref name="pmid24043246">{{cite journal| author=Heard JP, Latenser BA, Liao J| title=Burn prevention in Zambia: a work in progress. | journal=J Burn Care Res | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 598-606 | pmid=24043246 | doi=10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182a2aa27 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24043246  }}</ref>
*Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.<ref name="pmid16777340">{{cite journal| author=Forjuoh SN| title=Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2006 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 529-37 | pmid=16777340 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16777340  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11482685">{{cite journal| author=Daisy S, Mostaque AK, Bari TS, Khan AR, Karim S, Quamruzzaman Q| title=Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh. | journal=J Burn Care Rehabil | year= 2001 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 269-73 | pmid=11482685 | doi=10.1097/00004630-200107000-00004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11482685  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15774292">{{cite journal| author=Peleg K, Goldman S, Sikron F| title=Burn prevention programs for children: do they reduce burn-related hospitalizations? | journal=Burns | year= 2005 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 347-50 | pmid=15774292 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15774292  }}</ref>
*Kitchen stoves and lamps<ref name="pmid25957289">{{cite journal| author=Sharma NP, Duke JM, Lama BB, Thapa B, Dahal P, Bariya ND | display-authors=etal| title=Descriptive Epidemiology of Unintentional Burn Injuries Admitted to a Tertiary-Level Government Hospital in Nepal: Gender-Specific Patterns. | journal=Asia Pac J Public Health | year= 2015 | volume= 27 | issue= 5 | pages= 551-60 | pmid=25957289 | doi=10.1177/1010539515585386 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25957289  }}</ref>,Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.<ref name="pmid19594274">{{cite journal| author=Schwebel DC, Swart D, Simpson J, Hobe P, Hui SK| title=An intervention to reduce kerosene-related burns and poisonings in low-income South African communities. | journal=Health Psychol | year= 2009 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 493-500 | pmid=19594274 | doi=10.1037/a0014531 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19594274  }}</ref>
*Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
*Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
*Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
*Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
*Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.
*Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.<ref name="pmid15475134">{{cite journal| author=Greenbaum AR, Donne J, Wilson D, Dunn KW| title=Intentional burn injury: an evidence-based, clinical and forensic review. | journal=Burns | year= 2004 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 628-42 | pmid=15475134 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2004.03.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15475134  }}</ref>
*Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.
*Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.<ref name="pmid1881739">{{cite journal| author=Erdmann TC, Feldman KW, Rivara FP, Heimbach DM, Wall HA| title=Tap water burn prevention: the effect of legislation. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1991 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 572-7 | pmid=1881739 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1881739  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29776861">{{cite journal| author=Makhubalo O, Schulman D, Rode H, Cox S| title=Acceptability and functionality of the "Kettle Strap": An attempt to decrease kettle related burns in children. | journal=Burns | year= 2018 | volume= 44 | issue= 5 | pages= 1361-1365 | pmid=29776861 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29776861  }}</ref>
*




==Lifestyle and home remedies==
==Lifestyle and home remedies(secondary prevention)==
To treat [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Minor%20burns minor burns], follow these steps:
To treat [https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Minor%20burns minor burns], follow these steps:<ref name="pmid7561227">{{cite journal| author=Ptacek JT, Patterson DR, Montgomery BK, Heimbach DM| title=Pain, coping, and adjustment in patients with burns: preliminary findings from a prospective study. | journal=J Pain Symptom Manage | year= 1995 | volume= 10 | issue= 6 | pages= 446-55 | pmid=7561227 | doi=10.1016/0885-3924(95)00083-b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7561227  }}</ref>


*'''Cool the burn.''' apply a cool water  (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue<ref name="pmid7150995">{{cite journal| author=Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP| title=Cold treatment of burns. | journal=Burns Incl Therm Inj | year= 1982 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 101-10 | pmid=7150995 | doi=10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7150995  }}</ref>.
*'''Cool the burn.''' apply a cool water  (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue<ref name="pmid7150995">{{cite journal| author=Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP| title=Cold treatment of burns. | journal=Burns Incl Therm Inj | year= 1982 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= 101-10 | pmid=7150995 | doi=10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7150995  }}</ref>.
Line 27: Line 31:
*'''Don't break blisters.''' Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
*'''Don't break blisters.''' Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
*'''Apply lotion.''' Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
*'''Apply lotion.''' Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
*'''Bandage the burn.''' Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.
*'''Bandage the burn.''' Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.<ref name="pmid10752749">{{cite journal| author=Weinberg K, Birdsall C, Vail D, Marano MA, Petrone SJ, Mansour EH| title=Pain and anxiety with burn dressing changes: patient self-report. | journal=J Burn Care Rehabil | year= 2000 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 155-6; discussion 157-61 | pmid=10752749 | doi=10.1097/00004630-200021020-00013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10752749  }}</ref>
*'''Take a pain reliever.''' Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
*'''Take a pain reliever.''' Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
*'''Consider a tetanus shot.''' Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.
*'''Consider a tetanus shot.''' Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.

Revision as of 05:45, 21 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eman Alademi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Primary Prevention

To help prevent burns:[1][2]

  • Install household smoke alarms. Check and change batteries regularly.[3][4][5]
  • Fireworks[6]
  • Flame-retardant materials[7][8]
  • Low ignition propensity cigarettes[9][10]
  • Reducing self-harm: teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks.[11][12]
  • Keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors.[13][14][15]
  • Kitchen stoves and lamps[16],Turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can't grab them and they can't be accidentally knocked over.[17]
  • Place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school.
  • Remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach.
  • Know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school.[18]
  • Set the temperature of a water heater to 120 degrees or less.[19][20]


Lifestyle and home remedies(secondary prevention)

To treat minor burns, follow these steps:[21]

  • Cool the burn. apply a cool water (not cold) , wet compress until the pain eases. Don't use ice. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause further damage to the tissue[22].
  • Remove rings or other tight items. Try to do this quickly and gently, before the burned area swells.
  • Don't break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If a blister breaks, clean the area with water (mild soap is optional). Apply an antibiotic ointment. But if a rash appears, stop using the ointment.
  • Apply lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, apply a lotion, such as one that contains aloe vera or a moisturizer. This helps prevent drying and provides relief.
  • Bandage the burn. Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage (not fluffy cotton). Wrap it loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain and protects blistered skin.[23]
  • Take a pain reliever. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), can help relieve pain.
  • Consider a tetanus shot. Make sure that your tetanus booster is up to date. Doctors recommend that people get a tetanus shot at least every 10 years.

Whether your burn was minor or serious, use sunscreen and moisturizer regularly once the wound is healed.[24][25][26]

References

  1. ↑ DiGuiseppi C, Higgins JP (2000). "Systematic review of controlled trials of interventions to promote smoke alarms". Arch Dis Child. 82 (5): 341–8. doi:10.1136/adc.82.5.341. PMC 1718310. PMID 10799419.
  2. ↑ Rybarczyk MM, Schafer JM, Elm CM, Sarvepalli S, Vaswani PA, Balhara KS; et al. (2016). "Prevention of burn injuries in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review". Burns. 42 (6): 1183–92. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.04.014. PMID 27161088.
  3. ↑ Liao CC, Rossignol AM (2000). "Landmarks in burn prevention". Burns. 26 (5): 422–34. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7. PMID 10812263.
  4. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  5. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  6. ↑ Puri V, Mahendru S, Rana R, Deshpande M (2009). "Firework injuries: a ten-year study". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 62 (9): 1103–11. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.12.080. PMID 18603491.
  7. ↑ Liao CC, Rossignol AM (2000). "Landmarks in burn prevention". Burns. 26 (5): 422–34. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(00)00026-7. PMID 10812263.
  8. ↑ Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M, Hayek SN (2009). "Burn prevention mechanisms and outcomes: pitfalls, failures and successes". Burns. 35 (2): 181–93. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.06.002. PMID 18926639.
  9. ↑ Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Gairola CG, Lee BC (1994). "Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter". Food Chem Toxicol. 32 (10): 917–22. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90090-6. PMID 7959447.
  10. ↑ Alpert HR, Christiani DC, Orav EJ, Dockery DW, Connolly GN (2014). "Effectiveness of the cigarette ignition propensity standard in preventing unintentional residential fires in Massachusetts". Am J Public Health. 104 (4): e56–61. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301837. PMC 4025697. PMID 24524537.
  11. ↑ Cox SG, Burahee A, Albertyn R, Makahabane J, Rode H (2016). "Parent knowledge on paediatric burn prevention related to the home environment". Burns. 42 (8): 1854–1860. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2016.05.015. PMID 27325218.
  12. ↑ Heard JP, Latenser BA, Liao J (2013). "Burn prevention in Zambia: a work in progress". J Burn Care Res. 34 (6): 598–606. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3182a2aa27. PMID 24043246.
  13. ↑ Forjuoh SN (2006). "Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention". Burns. 32 (5): 529–37. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002. PMID 16777340.
  14. ↑ Daisy S, Mostaque AK, Bari TS, Khan AR, Karim S, Quamruzzaman Q (2001). "Socioeconomic and cultural influence in the causation of burns in the urban children of Bangladesh". J Burn Care Rehabil. 22 (4): 269–73. doi:10.1097/00004630-200107000-00004. PMID 11482685.
  15. ↑ Peleg K, Goldman S, Sikron F (2005). "Burn prevention programs for children: do they reduce burn-related hospitalizations?". Burns. 31 (3): 347–50. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.10.028. PMID 15774292.
  16. ↑ Sharma NP, Duke JM, Lama BB, Thapa B, Dahal P, Bariya ND; et al. (2015). "Descriptive Epidemiology of Unintentional Burn Injuries Admitted to a Tertiary-Level Government Hospital in Nepal: Gender-Specific Patterns". Asia Pac J Public Health. 27 (5): 551–60. doi:10.1177/1010539515585386. PMID 25957289.
  17. ↑ Schwebel DC, Swart D, Simpson J, Hobe P, Hui SK (2009). "An intervention to reduce kerosene-related burns and poisonings in low-income South African communities". Health Psychol. 28 (4): 493–500. doi:10.1037/a0014531. PMID 19594274.
  18. ↑ Greenbaum AR, Donne J, Wilson D, Dunn KW (2004). "Intentional burn injury: an evidence-based, clinical and forensic review". Burns. 30 (7): 628–42. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.03.019. PMID 15475134.
  19. ↑ Erdmann TC, Feldman KW, Rivara FP, Heimbach DM, Wall HA (1991). "Tap water burn prevention: the effect of legislation". Pediatrics. 88 (3): 572–7. PMID 1881739.
  20. ↑ Makhubalo O, Schulman D, Rode H, Cox S (2018). "Acceptability and functionality of the "Kettle Strap": An attempt to decrease kettle related burns in children". Burns. 44 (5): 1361–1365. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2018.04.013. PMID 29776861.
  21. ↑ Ptacek JT, Patterson DR, Montgomery BK, Heimbach DM (1995). "Pain, coping, and adjustment in patients with burns: preliminary findings from a prospective study". J Pain Symptom Manage. 10 (6): 446–55. doi:10.1016/0885-3924(95)00083-b. PMID 7561227.
  22. ↑ Pushkar NS, Sandorminsky BP (1982). "Cold treatment of burns". Burns Incl Therm Inj. 9 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(82)90056-0. PMID 7150995.
  23. ↑ Weinberg K, Birdsall C, Vail D, Marano MA, Petrone SJ, Mansour EH (2000). "Pain and anxiety with burn dressing changes: patient self-report". J Burn Care Rehabil. 21 (2): 155–6, discussion 157-61. doi:10.1097/00004630-200021020-00013. PMID 10752749.
  24. ↑ Sambandan DR, Ratner D (2011). "Sunscreens: an overview and update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 64 (4): 748–58. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.01.005. PMID 21292345.
  25. ↑ Neale R, Williams G, Green A (2002). "Application patterns among participants randomized to daily sunscreen use in a skin cancer prevention trial". Arch Dermatol. 138 (10): 1319–25. doi:10.1001/archderm.138.10.1319. PMID 12374537.
  26. ↑ Petersen B, Wulf HC (2014). "Application of sunscreen--theory and reality". Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 30 (2–3): 96–101. doi:10.1111/phpp.12099. PMID 24313722.

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