Amnesia classification: Difference between revisions
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*[[Epileptic]] Amnesia | *[[Epileptic]] Amnesia | ||
*[[Lacunar amnesia]] | *[[Lacunar amnesia]] | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF | '''Common Cause of Tremor''' | |||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF| '''Differentiating Feature of Tremor''' | |||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF| '''Main Feature of Disease''' | |||
|- | |||
| [[Essential tremor]] || Postural Tremor - [[Frequency]] 4–12 Hz, Bilateral onset || [[gait]] [[ataxia]], [[vestibulo-cerebellar]] involvement, reduced by [[alcohol]], [[family history]], [[stress]]/[[fatigue]] can increase tremor [[amplitude]], increases with voluntary movements | |||
|- | |||
| [[Parkinson’s disease]] || [[Resting Tremor]] - Unilateral onset || [[Bradykinesia]], [[micrographia]], [[stooped posture]], [[ataxia]], [[rigidity]], [[imbalance]], [[depression]], [[apathy]], decreases with voluntary movements | |||
|- | |||
| [[Physiologic Tremor]] || Postural tremor - High [[frequency]] 8–10 Hz, low [[amplitude]], irregular oscillations || Tremor occurs while maintaining a posture and mostly disappears if [[eyes]] are closed or a load is placed on the [[muscles]]. Subtle [[innate]] tremor normally present in the general [[population]]. | |||
|- | |||
| Enhanced [[Physiologic]] Tremor ||Increased [[amplitude]] ||[[Physiologic]] tremor enhanced due to [[fatigue]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[drugs]], [[endocrine disorders]], [[caffeine]], [[stress]]. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Cerebellar]] Tremor || [[Intention tremor]] - Low [[frequency]] <4 Hz || Occurs in [[multiple sclerosis]], [[stroke]], [[brainstem]] [[tumor]], or [[cerebellar]] [[trauma]]. May feature [[ataxia]], [[dysmetria]], [[dysdiadochokinesia]], and [[dysarthria]]. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Drug]] Induced Tremor || Can enhance rest, action, postural tremors || [[Amiodarone]], [[bronchodilators]], [[lithium]], [[metoclopramide]], [[neuroleptics]], [[theophylline]], [[valproate]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[Orthostatic]] Tremor || [[Essential tremor]] variant, high [[frequency]] 14 Hz-18 Hz|| Occurs in the [[legs]] on standing and is relieved by sitting down | |||
|- | |||
|Holmes tremor || Combination of rest, action, and postural tremors, [[Frequency]] 2Hz-5Hz || Mostly due to [[vascular]] [[lesion]] in [[mesencephalic]], [[thalamic]] or both regions. | |||
|} | |||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 20:21, 22 February 2021
Amnesia Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Amnesia can be divided into two broad groups, retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memory and retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory prior to the onset of amnesia.
Classification
- Anterograde amnesia
- Retrograde amnesia
- Dissociative Amnesia
- Post-traumatic Amnesia
- Infantile Amnesia
- Drug-Induced Amnesia
- Amnesia in Korsakoff’s Syndrome
- Selective Amnesia
- Epileptic Amnesia
- Lacunar amnesia
Common Cause of Tremor | Differentiating Feature of Tremor | Main Feature of Disease |
---|---|---|
Essential tremor | Postural Tremor - Frequency 4–12 Hz, Bilateral onset | gait ataxia, vestibulo-cerebellar involvement, reduced by alcohol, family history, stress/fatigue can increase tremor amplitude, increases with voluntary movements |
Parkinson’s disease | Resting Tremor - Unilateral onset | Bradykinesia, micrographia, stooped posture, ataxia, rigidity, imbalance, depression, apathy, decreases with voluntary movements |
Physiologic Tremor | Postural tremor - High frequency 8–10 Hz, low amplitude, irregular oscillations | Tremor occurs while maintaining a posture and mostly disappears if eyes are closed or a load is placed on the muscles. Subtle innate tremor normally present in the general population. |
Enhanced Physiologic Tremor | Increased amplitude | Physiologic tremor enhanced due to fatigue, sleep deprivation, drugs, endocrine disorders, caffeine, stress. |
Cerebellar Tremor | Intention tremor - Low frequency <4 Hz | Occurs in multiple sclerosis, stroke, brainstem tumor, or cerebellar trauma. May feature ataxia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, and dysarthria. |
Drug Induced Tremor | Can enhance rest, action, postural tremors | Amiodarone, bronchodilators, lithium, metoclopramide, neuroleptics, theophylline, valproate |
Orthostatic Tremor | Essential tremor variant, high frequency 14 Hz-18 Hz | Occurs in the legs on standing and is relieved by sitting down |
Holmes tremor | Combination of rest, action, and postural tremors, Frequency 2Hz-5Hz | Mostly due to vascular lesion in mesencephalic, thalamic or both regions. |