Lymphadenopathy differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Differentiating different causes of Lymphadenopathy ==
==Differentiating different causes of Lymphadenopathy ==
Lymphadenopathy can be caused by different disease categories include: neoplasms such as lymphoma; bacterial, viral, and parasites diseases; and inflammatory conditions, such as [[Systemic lupus erythematosus causes|systemic lupus erythematosus]].
Lymphadenopathy can be caused by different disease categories include: neoplasms such as lymphoma; bacterial, viral, and parasites diseases; and inflammatory conditions, such as [[Systemic lupus erythematosus causes|systemic lupus erythematosus]].
===Different causes of Lymphadenopathy can be differentiated from each other based on their different clinical manifestation such as pain, constitutional symptoms; and para clinical symptoms such as blood test and pathology on biopsy. ===
{|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
! colspan="7" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Pathogonomic finding
|-
| colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Biopsy
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Painless or painful Lymphadenopathy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Generalized or localized Lymphadenopathy
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Fever
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Night Sweats
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Rash
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other symptoms
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Immunochemistry
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Blood work
|-
! colspan="13" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |NEOPLASMS
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center" |'''[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma|Non-Hodgkins lymphoma]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Presents with [["B" symptoms]]
* Constant [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]]
* [[Shortness of breath]] and [[Cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss|cough]]
* [[Abdominal pain]] or swelling
* [[Constipation]]
* [[Nausea]] and[[vomiting]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Coombs test]] may be positive
* [[Hypogammaglobulinemia]]
* [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV serology]]
* [[Elevated lactate dehydrogenase]]
* [[Abnormal liver function test]]
* [[Hypercalcemia (Assessment and Plan)|Hypercalcemia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anemia]]
* [[TAR syndrome|Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Leukopenia]]
* [[Lymphocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Monomorphic medium to large sized [[lymphocytes]] seen
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hodgkin's lymphoma|Hodgkin's disease]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoFJ-OhE63UC&pg=PA97|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47154-1|pages=97–}}</ref><ref name="Lozano_2012">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, etal | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | oclc = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15164877">{{cite journal| author=Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB| title=Nuclear factor-kappaB activation mediates cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer. | journal=Cancer Treat Res | year= 2004 | volume= 119 | issue=  | pages= 139-73 | pmid=15164877 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15164877  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8639794">{{cite journal| author=Bargou RC, Leng C, Krappmann D, Emmerich F, Mapara MY, Bommert K et al.| title=High-level nuclear NF-kappa B and Oct-2 is a common feature of cultured Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. | journal=Blood | year= 1996 | volume= 87 | issue= 10 | pages= 4340-7 | pmid=8639794 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8639794  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Presents with [["B" symptoms]]
* Constant [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]]
* [[Shortness of breath]] and Cough
* [[Abdominal pain]] or swelling
* [[Constipation]]
* [[Nausea]] and[[vomiting]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki/>
* [[Lactate dehydrogenase|Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)]] may be increased.
* [[ESR|ESR elevated]]
* Serum [[Creatinine|creatinine elevated]] in nephrotic syndrome.
* [[Alkaline phosphatase|Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increased]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]], [[hypernatremia]], and [[hypoglycemia]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Fine-needle aspiration
*Mononucleate and binucleate [[Reed-Sternberg cell|Reed-Sternberg cells]] in a background of inflammatory cells
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Reed-Sternberg cells]] on microscopic pathology.
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]<ref name="pmid25461996">{{cite journal| author=Nabhan C, Rosen ST| title=Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 312 | issue= 21 | pages= 2265-76 | pmid=25461996 | doi=10.1001/jama.2014.14553 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25461996  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25908509">{{cite journal| author=Hallek M| title=Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2015 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 446-60 | pmid=25908509 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23979 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25908509  }}</ref><ref name="patho">Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Libre Pathology (2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/B_cell_small_lymphocytic_lymphoma/chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia Accessed on October, 12 2015</ref><ref name="pmid259085092">{{cite journal| author=Hallek M| title=Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment. | journal=Am J Hematol | year= 2015 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 446-60 | pmid=25908509 | doi=10.1002/ajh.23979 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25908509  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Recurrent [[bleeding]]
*[[Muscle wasting]]
*Generalized [[weakness]]
*[[Anorexia]]
*[[Abdominal pain]]
*Recurrent [[Infection|infections]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Monoclonality of kappa and lambda producing [[B cell|B cells]]
*Presence of [[smudge cells]]
*Express [[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD23]], and [[CD5]] on the [[cell]] surface
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
CBC
*Absolute [[lymphocytosis]] (>5000 cells/μl)
*Decreased [[hemoglobin]] concentration
*Decreased [[Platelet|platelets]] count
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On [[microscopic]] [[histopathological]] analysis:
*Small [[lymphoid]] [[cell]]s
*Thin [[cytoplasmic]] border
*Dense [[nucleus]]  Lack of [[nucleolus]]
*Clumped [[chromatin]] aggregates
*The presence of [[smudge cells]]
*The presence of gumprecht [[nuclear]] shadows
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Small cell carcinoma of the lung]]<ref name="Zakowski2003">{{cite journal|last1=Zakowski|first1=Maureen F.|title=Pathology of small cell carcinoma of the lung|journal=Seminars in Oncology|volume=30|issue=1|year=2003|pages=3–8|issn=00937754|doi=10.1053/sonc.2003.50015}}</ref><ref name="NCI">National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.  Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Grace K. Dy]] & [[Alex A. Adjei]]
| title = Novel targets for lung cancer therapy: part I
| journal = [[Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology]]
| volume = 20
| issue = 12
| pages = 2881–2894
| year = 2002
| month = June
| pmid = 12065566
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[K. Hibi]], [[T. Takahashi]], [[Y. Sekido]], [[R. Ueda]], [[T. Hida]], [[Y. Ariyoshi]], [[H. Takagi]] & [[T. Takahashi]]
| title = Coexpression of the stem cell factor and the c-kit genes in small-cell lung cancer
| journal = [[Oncogene]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 12
| pages = 2291–2296
| year = 1991
| month = December
| pmid = 1722571
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Yuri Pekarsky]], [[Alexey Palamarchuk]], [[Kay Huebner]] & [[Carlo M. Croce]]
| title = FHIT as tumor suppressor: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
| journal = [[Cancer biology & therapy]]
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| pages = 232–236
| year = 2002
| month = May-June
| pmid = 12432269
}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis]] ([[SIADH]])
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Cough]] (most common symptom)
*[[Wheezing]]
*[[Dyspnea]]
*[[Hemoptysis]]
*[[Chest pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for
*[[keratin]]
*[[thyroid transcription factor 1]]
*[[Epithelial cells|epithelial]] membrane [[antigen]]
[[Neuroendocrine]] and [[neural]] [[differentiation]] result in the expression of molecules like
*[[Dopamine beta-hydroxylase|dopa-decarboxylase]]
*[[calcitonin]]
*[[neuron-specific enolase]],
*[[chromogranin A]]
*[[CD56]]
*[[gastrin]]-releasing [[peptide]]
*[[insulin-like growth factor 1]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* The [[tumor cells]] are small and round, but they can sometimes be ovoid or spindle shaped. 
* They have a scanty[[cytoplasm]] with a [[high mitotic count]] and a [[hyperchromatic]] [[nuclei]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Melanoma]]<ref name="pmid16822996">{{cite journal| author=Miller AJ, Mihm MC| title=Melanoma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2006 | volume= 355 | issue= 1 | pages= 51-65 | pmid=16822996 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra052166 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16822996  }}</ref><ref name="book1">{{cite book|last=Schanderdorf D, Kochs C, Livingstone E |date=2013 |title=Handbook of Cutaneous Melanoma: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment |publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref name="book2">{{cite book|last=Mooi W, Krausz T|date=2007 |title=Pathology of Melanocytic Disorders 2nd Ed. |publisher=CRC Press}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Rapid growth of an existing [[nevus]]
*[[Nevus|Bleeding nevus]]
*[[Nodule|Cutaneous nodules]]
*[[Hyperpigmentation|Hyper]]/[[Hypopigmented area|hypopigmented skin lesion]]
*[[Melanonychia]] (brown/blue nail discoloration)
*[[Skin ulcer|Non-healing skin ulcer]]
*[[Skin lesion|Painful skin lesion]]
*[[Pruritus]]
*[[Bone pain]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Positive for [[CD133|CD133+]]
* Positive for [[CD34]]+
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* An [[excisional biopsy]] (either elliptical, punch, or saucerization) of the thickest portion of the lesion with 1-3 mm margins.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid21297689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denburg JA, Bienenstock J |title=Physiology of the immune response |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=25 |issue= |pages=301–7 |date=March 1979 |pmid=21297689 |pmc=2382958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9547995">{{cite journal| author=Jaffe ES, Wilson WH| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications. | journal=Cancer Surv | year= 1997 | volume= 30 | issue=  | pages= 233-48 | pmid=9547995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9547995  }}</ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }}</ref><ref name="pmid11688570">{{cite journal| author=Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L, Stern JB, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M et al.| title=Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2001 | volume= 25 | issue= 9 | pages= 1111-20 | pmid=11688570 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11688570  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22361129">{{cite journal| author=Bartosik W, Raza A, Kalimuthu S, Fabre A| title=Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis mimicking lung cancer. | journal=Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 5 | pages= 662-4 | pmid=22361129 | doi=10.1093/icvts/ivr083 | pmc=3329320 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22361129  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22214969">{{cite journal| author=Colby TV| title=Current histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 25 Suppl 1 | issue=  | pages= S39-42 | pmid=22214969 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2011.149 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22214969  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22745203">{{cite journal| author=Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Gomes MM et al.| title=The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease. | journal=Br J Radiol | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 1015 | pages= 848-64 | pmid=22745203 | doi=10.1259/bjr/16420165 | pmc=3474050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22745203  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized or localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Cough]]
*[[Dyspnea]]
*[[Chest pain|Chest tightness]]
*[[Malaise]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Headache|Headaches]]
*[[Seizure|Seizures]]
*[[Hemiparesis]]
*[[Ataxia]]
*[[Macule|Macules]]
*[[Papule|Papules]]
*[[Plaque|Plaques]]
*[[Nodule (medicine)|Subcutaneous nodules]]
*[[Nodule (medicine)|Larger ulcerated nodules]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
CBC
*[[Leukopenia]]
*[[Lymphocytopenia|Lymphopenia]]
*Low [[CD4]] count
*[[Leukocytosis]] is rare
*Elevated [[Hematocrit]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* On chest CT scan, [[Halo sign]] is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma|Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]]<ref name="who1">{{cite book |last=Swerdlow |first=S.H. |last2=Campo |first2=E. |last3=Harris |first3=N.L. |last4=Jaffe |first4=E.S. |last5=Pileri |first5=S.A. |last6=Stein |first6=H. |last7=Thiele |first7=J. |last8=Vardiman |first8=J.W |chapter=11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma |title=WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues |edition=4th |series=IARC WHO Classification of Tumours |volume=2 |publisher=IARC |year=2008 |isbn=9283224310 |url=http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=70&codcch=4002&content=1}}</ref><ref name="quin1">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10524524&query_hl=30&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Moguel LR, Spilove L, Beaty MW, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection." '''Am J Surg Pathol'''. 1999 Oct;23(10):1233-40. PMID: 10524524</ref><ref name="ree1">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9630171&query_hl=32&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Ree HJ, Kadin ME, Kikuchi M, Ko YH, Go JH, Suzumiya J, Kim DS. "Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILD-type T-cell lymphoma) with hyperplastic germinal centers." '''Am J Surg Pathol'''. 1998 Jun;22(6):643-55. PMID: 9630171</ref><ref name="kane12">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=3261178&query_hl=40&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Kaneko Y, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Takayama S, Nanba K, Kikuchi M, Frizzera G. "Characteristic karyotypic pattern in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with reactive "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type" features." '''Blood'''. 1988 Aug;72(2):413-21. PMID: 3261178</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Edema]]
*[[Chest pain]]
*[[Abdominal pain]]
*[[Bone pain]]
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Pale skin color]]
*[[Dark urine]]
*[[Chronic pain]] and swelling of the joints
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Immunophenotyping
:*Positivity for [[CD2]], [[CD3]], [[CD4]], [[CD5]], [[CD10]], [[CD20]], and focal positivity for [[CXCL13]]
:*Negative for ALK1 and [[CD30]]
*Fluorescence in situ hybridization ([[FISH]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Complete blood count]] (CBC)
:*[[Anemia]]
:*[[Eosinophilia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Lymph node or extranodal tissue biopsy is diagnostic of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
*Characteristic findings on gross pathology, aborization and proliferation of [[high endothelial venules]]
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[CD4]]+ [[T-cells]], [[CD8]]+ [[T-cells]], and polyclonal [[plasma cells]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Epstein–Barr virus]] (EBV) has been found in both reactive B-cells  and the neoplastic T-cells.
*[[Trisomy]] 3, trisomy 5, and +X are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities found in cases.
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Castleman's disease|Giant lymph node hyperplasia]] ([[Castleman's disease|Castleman disease]])<ref>Aoki Y, Yarchoan R, Wyvill K, Okamoto S, Little RF, Tosato G. Detection of viral interleukin-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-linked disorders. Blood 2001;97(7):2173-6.</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Anemia]]
*[[Loss of appetite]]
*[[Cough]]
*Chest discomfort
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Weakness]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*[[Complete blood count]] and differential count - [[low white blood cell counts]], which may to be due to the overproduction of [[interleukin 6]].
*[[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] - elevated in 80% cases.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Hypersecretion of the cytokine [[Interleukin 6|IL-6]].
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |Diseases
!Lymphadenopathy
!
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Fever
!Weight loss
!Night sweats
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rash
!Other symptoms
!Immunochemistry
!Blood work
!Biopsy
Histopathology
!Pathogonomical
findings
|-
! colspan="13" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |INFECTIONS
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Bacteria'''
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Syphilis]]<ref name="pmid21694502">{{cite journal| author=Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S| title=The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2011 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 433-60 | pmid=21694502 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587 | pmc=3690623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694502  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1386838">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald TJ| title=The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental? | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1992 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 3475-9 | pmid=1386838 | doi= | pmc=257347 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1386838  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10194456">{{cite journal| author=Singh AE, Romanowski B| title=Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 187-209 | pmid=10194456 | doi= | pmc=88914 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10194456  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1911961">{{cite journal| author=Engelkens HJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, van der Sluis JJ, Stolz E| title=Primary and secondary syphilis: a histopathological study. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 1991 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 280-4 | pmid=1911961 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1911961  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | -
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + | +
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |Primary syphilis:
* Chancer
Secondary syphilis:
* Rash
* Condylomata lata
* Patchy [[alopecia]]
Tertiary syphilis
* Gumma
* Organ system involvement
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* Darkfield microscopy to detect ''[[T. pallidum]].''
* Nontreponemal tests (e.g., [[VDRL]]<nowiki/>and [[RPR]] )
* Treponemal tests (e.g. [[FTA-ABS]], the TP-PA assay
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |
* N/A
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
On microscopic [[histopathological]] analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis:
*Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, [[macrophages]], and [[lymphocytes]].
*Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels.
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* Painless clean base chancre.
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Brucellosis]]<ref name="pmid15930423">{{cite journal| author=Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E| title=Brucellosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 22 | pages= 2325-36 | pmid=15930423 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15930423  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8698508">{{cite journal| author=Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C| title=Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 2782-6 | pmid=8698508 | doi= | pmc=174139 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8698508  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2915152">{{cite journal| author=Gazapo E, Gonzalez Lahoz J, Subiza JL, Baquero M, Gil J, de la Concha EG| title=Changes in IgM and IgG antibody concentrations in brucellosis over time: importance for diagnosis and follow-up. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1989 | volume= 159 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-25 | pmid=2915152 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2915152  }}</ref><ref name="pmid10858243">{{cite journal| author=Arenas GN, Staskevich AS, Aballay A, Mayorga LS| title=Intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 macrophages. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 7 | pages= 4255-63 | pmid=10858243 | doi= | pmc=101738 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10858243  }}</ref><ref name="pmid15694858">{{cite journal| author=Lapaque N, Moriyon I, Moreno E, Gorvel JP| title=Brucella lipopolysaccharide acts as a virulence factor. | journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | year= 2005 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 60-6 | pmid=15694858 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15694858  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painful
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
* [[Arthritis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] is most commonly isolated from blood cultures
* Positive titer of anti-[[Brucella|b''rucella'']] [[antibodies]] on serological testing
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Night sweats]], often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''Viral'''
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Infectious mononucleosis]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ |title=Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7338 |pages=660–1 |year=2002 |pmid=11895827 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painful
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="center" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* <nowiki/>Low-grade [[fever]]<nowiki/> without [[chills]]
* [[Sore throat]]
* <nowiki/>White patches on [[tonsils]] and back of the throat
* [[Muscle weakness]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Petechial hemorrhage]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* A positive reaction to a mono spot test
* Direct detection of [[EBV]] in blood or lymphoid tissues
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* A normal to moderately elevated [[White blood cell|white blood cell count]]
* An increased total number of [[lymphocytes]]
* Greater than 10% [[Lymphocytes|atypical lymphocytes]]
* Presence of [[Reactive lymphocyte|atypical lymphocytes]] (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear.
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* N/A
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* Presence of [[Reactive lymphocyte|atypical lymphocytes]] (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear.
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[CMV]]<ref name="pmid25304390">{{cite journal| author=Griffiths P, Lumley S| title=Cytomegalovirus. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 6 | pages= 554-9 | pmid=25304390 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25304390  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27526428">{{cite journal| author=Pytka D, Czarkowska-Pączek B| title=[CMV infection in elderly]. | journal=Przegl Lek | year= 2016 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 241-4 | pmid=27526428 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27526428  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painful
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Floaters]]
* [[Scotoma|Scotomata]]
* Peripheral [[Visual field defect|visual field defects]]
* [[Odynophagia]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Lethargy]]
* [[Confusion]]
* [[Altered mental status]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Positive [[PCR]] for [[CMV]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hemolytic anemia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
* [[Pancytopenia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[CMV infection]] demonstrates the presence of intranuclear [[inclusion]] bodies. These [[inclusion bodies]] stain dark pink on an [[H&E stain]], and are also called "Owl's Eye" [[inclusion bodies]].
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Owl Eye inclusion bodies.
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[HIV]]<ref name="pmid8093551">{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS| title=New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 5 | pages= 327-35 | pmid=8093551 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302043280508 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8093551  }}</ref><ref name="Coovadia">{{cite journal
| author=Coovadia, H.
| title=Antiretroviral agents&mdash;how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS | journal=N. Engl. J. Med.
| year=2004
| pages=289-292
| volume=351
| issue=3
| pmid=15247337
| format=
}}</ref><ref name="pmid2963151">{{cite journal
|author=Lifson AR
|title=Do alternate modes for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus exist? A review
|journal=JAMA
|volume=259
|issue=9
|pages=1353–6
|year=1988
|pmid=2963151
|doi=
}}</ref><ref name="WHOUNAIDScircum">{{cite web
| author=WHO | publisher=WHO.int | year=2007
| url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html
| title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention
| accessdate=2007-07-13
}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painful or painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized or localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Myalgia]]
* Arthritic pain
* [[Headache]]
* [[Memory loss]], [[depression]] and other neurological disorders
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* ELISA
* Dot blot
* Latex agglutination assays
* [[Western blot|Western blot assays]]
* [[P24 antigen]] assays
* [[CD4|CD4 T-cell]] count ([[CD4 count]])
* Plasma HIV RNA viral load
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Anaemia
* Thrombocytopenia
* Leukopenia
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* Plasma HIV RNA viral load
|-
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | '''[[Cat scratch disease]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chomel BB |title=Experimental transmission of Bartonella henselae by the cat flea |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1952–6 |year=1996 |month=August |pmid=8818889 |pmc=229161 |author-separator=, |author2=Kasten RW |author3=Floyd-Hawkins K |display-authors=3 |last4=Chi |first4=B |last5=Yamamoto |first5=K |last6=Roberts-Wilson |first6=J |last7=Gurfield |first7=AN |last8=Abbott |first8=RC |last9=Pedersen |first9=NC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Higgins JA, Radulovic S, Jaworski DC, Azad AF |title=Acquisition of the cat scratch disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae) |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=490–5 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8667399}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Telford SR III, Wormser GP |title=Bartonella spp. transmission by ticks not established |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=379–84 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid= 20202410 |doi=10.3201/eid1603.090443}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Foil L |title=Experimental infection of domestic cats with Bartonella henselae by inoculation of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) feces |journal=J. Med. Entomol. |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=625–8 |year=1998 |month=September |pmid=9775583 |author-separator=, |author2=Andress E |author3=Freeland RL |display-authors=3 |last4=Roy |first4=AF |last5=Rutledge |first5=R |last6=Triche |first6=PC |last7=O'Reilly |first7=KL}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painful
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Back pain]]
* [[Headache]]
* [[Sore throat]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* Vision problems
* [[Malaise]]
* [[Altered mental status|Alteration of mental status]]
* [[Convulsion|Convulsions]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Indirect [[immunofluorescence]] or enzymatic i[[mmunoassay]] with titration of [[IgG]] or [[IgM]] antibodies to detect serum antibody to B henselae.
* [[Polymerase chain reaction]] ([[PCR]]) is the most sensitive test
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Lymphocytosis]] is seen in the acute phase.
* [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] - elevated.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Painful [[Bubo|buboes]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Mycobacteria'''
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="Herrmann_2005">{{cite journal |author=Herrmann J, Lagrange P |title=Dendritic cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: which is the Trojan horse? |journal=Pathol Biol (Paris) |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |year=2005 | pmid = 15620608}}</ref><ref name="pmid22811737">{{cite journal| author=Silva Miranda M, Breiman A, Allain S, Deknuydt F, Altare F| title=The tuberculous granuloma: an unsuccessful host defence mechanism providing a safety shelter for the bacteria? | journal=Clin Dev Immunol | year= 2012 | volume= 2012 | issue=  | pages= 139127 | pmid=22811737 | doi=10.1155/2012/139127 | pmc=PMC3395138 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22811737  }}</ref><ref name="pmid228117372">{{cite journal| author=Silva Miranda M, Breiman A, Allain S, Deknuydt F, Altare F| title=The tuberculous granuloma: an unsuccessful host defence mechanism providing a safety shelter for the bacteria? | journal=Clin Dev Immunol | year= 2012 | volume= 2012 | issue=  | pages= 139127 | pmid=22811737 | doi=10.1155/2012/139127 | pmc=PMC3395138 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22811737  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21420161">{{cite journal| author=Lawn SD, Zumla AI| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 57-72 | pmid=21420161 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420161  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23425167">{{cite journal| author=Zumla A, Raviglione M, Hafner R, von Reyn CF| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 368 | issue= 8 | pages= 745-55 | pmid=23425167 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1200894 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23425167  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painful
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized or localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hemoptysis]]
* [[Chest pain]]
* [[Anorexia]]
* [[Malaise]]
* [[Chills]]
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Dyspnea]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[PCR]] of [[CSF]] for [[tuberculosis]]
* Mycobacterial culture of CSF
* Brain biopsy for [[acid-fast bacilli]] staining
* Culture and acid stain positive for [[acid-fast bacilli]]
* [[Hyponatremia]]
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]] levels
* Mild elevation of [[liver enzymes]]
*
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Mild normocytic [[anemia]] may be present in almost half of patients.
* Increased [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] (ESR)
* Mild [[leukocytosis]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* M[[Macrophages|acrophages]],  other [[immune cells]] such as blood [[monocytes]] (tissue [[macrophages]]) and [[lymphocytes]] also migrate to the [[Ghon focus]] aiding in the termination of the infection or initiation of a [[Granuloma|granulomatous]] containment.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Gohn's focus]]
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''Parasite'''
| style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |'''[[Toxoplasmosis]]<ref name="pmid19870956">{{cite journal| author=Wolf A, Cowen D, Paige BH| title=TOXOPLASMIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : IV. EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF THE INFECTION TO ANIMALS FROM A HUMAN INFANT. | journal=J Exp Med | year= 1940 | volume= 71 | issue= 2 | pages= 187-214 | pmid=19870956 | doi= | pmc=2135077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19870956  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18128617">{{cite journal| author=FRENKEL JK| title=Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of human toxoplasmosis. | journal=J Am Med Assoc | year= 1949 | volume= 140 | issue= 4 | pages= 369-77 | pmid=18128617 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18128617  }}</ref><ref name="pmid4592096">{{cite journal| author=Frenkel JK| title=Pathology and pathogenesis of congenital toxoplasmosis. | journal=Bull N Y Acad Med | year= 1974 | volume= 50 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-91 | pmid=4592096 | doi= | pmc=1749352 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4592096  }}</ref><ref name="pmid7026410">{{cite journal| author=Conley FK, Jenkins KA, Remington JS| title=Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate toxoplasma in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. | journal=Hum Pathol | year= 1981 | volume= 12 | issue= 8 | pages= 690-8 | pmid=7026410 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7026410  }}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized or localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | <nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* [[Sore throat]]
* [[Muscle aches]] and [[pains]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* [[IgG]], [[IgM]], [[IgA]] antibodies against toxoplasmosis seen by [[ELISA]]
* [[PCR]]
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* N/A
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* Microscopy of the lesions demonstrate [[periaqueductal]] and [[periventricular]] [[vasculitis]] with [[necrosis]].
* Fetal tissue and [[placenta]] can demonstrate [[t.gondii]] [[cysts]] with [[the]] [[Wright-Giemsa stain|Wright-Giemsa]] stain and also with [[immunoperoxidase]] staining using [[t.gondii]]–specific [[antibodies]].
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" align="left" + |
* Multiple [[ring enhancing lesion]] on [[CT]] Brain.
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |Diseases
!Lymphadenopathy
!
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Fever
!Weight loss
!Night sweats
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rash
!Other symptoms
!Immunochemistry
!Blood work
!Biopsy
Histopathology
!Pathogonomical
findings
|-
! colspan="13" style="background: #7d7d7d; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |AUTOIMMUNE   
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Systemic lupus erythematosus causes|'''Systemic lupus erythematosus''']]
'''(SLE)<ref name="pmid8519610">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elkon K |title=Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=384–8 |year=1995 |pmid=8519610 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25449682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yaniv G, Twig G, Shor DB, Furer A, Sherer Y, Mozes O, Komisar O, Slonimsky E, Klang E, Lotan E, Welt M, Marai I, Shina A, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y |title=A volcanic explosion of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a diversity of 180 different antibodies found in SLE patients |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=75–9 |year=2015 |pmid=25449682 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23672591">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dye JR, Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS |title=The role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23672591 |doi=10.1111/sji.12068 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15593221">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirou KA, Lee C, George S, Louca K, Papagiannis IG, Peterson MG, Ly N, Woodward RN, Fry KE, Lau AY, Prentice JG, Wohlgemuth JG, Crow MK |title=Coordinate overexpression of interferon-alpha-induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=3958–67 |year=2004 |pmid=15593221 |doi=10.1002/art.20798 |url=}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized or localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Fatigue]]
* [[Myalgia]]
* Joint [[tenderness]]
* [[Muscle weakness]]
* [[Abdominal pain]]
* [[Bloating]]
* [[Distension]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*<nowiki/>[[ANA]] positive
* [[Lupus anticoagulant]] (LA)
* [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] [[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies|anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies]]
* [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] anti-beta2-[[glycoprotein]] (GP)
* [[C3]]: Vary between varying between normal to slightly reduced
* [[C4.5 algorithm|C4]]: Reduced
* [[CH50]]: Reduced
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Leukopenia]]
* [[Lymphopenia]]
* Mild [[anemia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[ESR]]
* [[CRP]]<nowiki/>elevated
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Lupus erythematosus]] (LE) cells can be seen in SLE.
* LE cells are [[neutrophils]] that have engulfed an intact [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]]. LE cells are also known as LE bodies.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Sjögren's syndrome case study one|Sjögren's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid24162151">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Solans R, Camps MT, Casanovas A, Sopeña B, Díaz-López B, Rascón FJ, Qanneta R, Fraile G, Pérez-Alvarez R, Callejas JL, Ripoll M, Pinilla B, Akasbi M, Fonseca E, Canora J, Nadal ME, de la Red G, Fernández-Regal I, Jiménez-Heredia I, Bosch JA, Ayala MD, Morera-Morales L, Maure B, Mera A, Ramentol M, Retamozo S, Kostov B |title=Systemic involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome evaluated by the EULAR-SS disease activity index: analysis of 921 Spanish patients (GEAS-SS Registry) |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford) |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=321–31 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24162151 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/ket349 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23436818">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yazdany J, Schmajuk G, Robbins M, Daikh D, Beall A, Yelin E, Barton J, Carlson A, Margaretten M, Zell J, Gensler LS, Kelly V, Saag K, King C |title=Choosing wisely: the American College of Rheumatology's Top 5 list of things physicians and patients should question |journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=329–39 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23436818 |pmc=4106486 |doi=10.1002/acr.21930 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26766898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS |title=Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye |journal=Clin Ophthalmol |volume=10 |issue= |pages=43–53 |date=2016 |pmid=26766898 |pmc=4699514 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S80043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28367079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Both T, Dalm VA, van Hagen PM, van Daele PL |title=Reviewing primary Sjögren's syndrome: beyond the dryness - From pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment |journal=Int J Med Sci |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |date=2017 |pmid=28367079 |pmc=5370281 |doi=10.7150/ijms.17718 |url=}}</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized or localized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Xerosis]]
* [[Scaly skin]]
* Annular [[erythema]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anti-Ro/SSA]]
* [[Anti-La/SSB]]
* Presence of [[rheumatoid factor]] (RF)
* Presence of [[anti–alpha-fodrin antibody]] (diagnostic marker of juvenile [[Sjögren's syndrome]])
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]])
* [[Anemia]]
* [[Leukopenia]]
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Eosinophilia]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca]]
* Presence of anti–alpha-fodrin antibody
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref>Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS: Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 357:2153–2165, 2007.</ref><ref>Zissel G: Cellular activation in the immune response of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 35:307–315, 2014.</ref><ref>Rosen Y: Pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28(1):36–52, 2007.</ref>'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Generalized
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Can involve all [[organ systems]] to varying extent and degree.
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
*Serum [[ACE]] level
*Serum chitotriosidase
*Soluble [[IL-2 receptor|interleukin-2 receptor]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Kveim test]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* N/A
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy of lung
* Non-[[caseating]] [[granuloma]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Non-[[caseating]][[granuloma]]
|}


===Different causes of Lymphadenopathy can be differentiated from each other based on their different clinical manifestation such as pain, constitutional symptoms; and para clinical symptoms such as blood test and pathology on biopsy. ===
===Different causes of Lymphadenopathy can be differentiated from each other based on their different clinical manifestation such as pain, constitutional symptoms; and para clinical symptoms such as blood test and pathology on biopsy. ===

Revision as of 20:22, 26 March 2021

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [4]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[5]

Overview

Lymphadenopathy can be caused by different disease categories include: neoplasms, such as lymphoma; bacterial, viral, and parasite diseases; and inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Differentiating different causes of Lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy can be caused by different disease categories include: neoplasms such as lymphoma; bacterial, viral, and parasites diseases; and inflammatory conditions, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

Different causes of Lymphadenopathy can be differentiated from each other based on their different clinical manifestation such as pain, constitutional symptoms; and para clinical symptoms such as blood test and pathology on biopsy.

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Pathogonomic finding
Symptoms
Lab Findings Biopsy
Painless or painful Lymphadenopathy Generalized or localized Lymphadenopathy Fever Weight loss Night Sweats Rash Other symptoms Immunochemistry Blood work
NEOPLASMS
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma Painless Generalized + + + +
  • N/A
Hodgkin's disease[1][2][3][4] Painless Generalized + + + +
  • N/A

Fine-needle aspiration

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia[5][6][7][8] Painless Generalized + + + -

CBC

On microscopic histopathological analysis:
  • N/A
Small cell carcinoma of the lung[9][10][11][12][13] Painless Localized - - - -

Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for

Neuroendocrine and neural differentiation result in the expression of molecules like

  • N/A
  • N/A
Melanoma[14][15][16] Painless Localized - - - -
  • N/A
  • An excisional biopsy (either elliptical, punch, or saucerization) of the thickest portion of the lesion with 1-3 mm margins.
  • Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Painless Generalized or localized + + - +
  • N/A

CBC

  • N/A
  • On chest CT scan, Halo sign is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease
Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy[24][25][26][27] Painless Generalized + + + +
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
Lymph node or extranodal tissue biopsy is diagnostic of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
  • Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been found in both reactive B-cells and the neoplastic T-cells.
  • Trisomy 3, trisomy 5, and +X are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities found in cases.
Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)[28] Painless Localized + + - -
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Hypersecretion of the cytokine IL-6.
Diseases Lymphadenopathy Fever Weight loss Night sweats Rash Other symptoms Immunochemistry Blood work Biopsy

Histopathology

Pathogonomical

findings

INFECTIONS
Bacteria Syphilis[29][30][31][32] Painless Localized + - - + Primary syphilis:
  • Chancer

Secondary syphilis:

Tertiary syphilis

  • Gumma
  • Organ system involvement
  • Darkfield microscopy to detect T. pallidum.
  • Nontreponemal tests (e.g., VDRLand RPR )
  • Treponemal tests (e.g. FTA-ABS, the TP-PA assay
  • N/A

On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis:

  • Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
  • Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels.
  • Painless clean base chancre.
Brucellosis[33][34][35][36][37] Painful Localized + - - +
  • Brucella is most commonly isolated from blood cultures
  • N/A
  • N/A
  • Night sweats, often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay
Viral Infectious mononucleosis[38] Painful Localized + - - +
  • A positive reaction to a mono spot test
  • Direct detection of EBV in blood or lymphoid tissues
  • N/A
CMV[39][40] Painful Localized + - - +
  • Owl Eye inclusion bodies.
HIV[41][42][43][44] Painful or painless Generalized or localized - + - -
  • Anaemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Leukopenia
  • N/A
  • Plasma HIV RNA viral load
Cat scratch disease[45][46][47][48] Painful Localized + - - +
  • N/A
Mycobacteria Tuberculosis[49][50][51][52][53] Painful Generalized or localized + + + +
Parasite Toxoplasmosis[54][55][56][57] Painless Generalized or localized + - + -
  • N/A
Diseases Lymphadenopathy Fever Weight loss Night sweats Rash Other symptoms Immunochemistry Blood work Biopsy

Histopathology

Pathogonomical

findings

AUTOIMMUNE
Systemic lupus erythematosus

(SLE)[58][59][60][61]

Painless Generalized or localized + +/- - +
Sjögren's syndrome[62][63][64][65] Painless Generalized or localized - - - +
  • N/A
Sarcoidosis[66][67][68] Painless Generalized - - - -
  • Serum ACE level
  • N/A
 Biopsy of lung

References

  1. ↑ Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. Cambridge University Press. 1994. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-0-521-47154-1.
  2. ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. OCLC 23245604.
  3. ↑ Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB (2004). "Nuclear factor-kappaB activation mediates cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer". Cancer Treat Res. 119: 139–73. PMID 15164877.
  4. ↑ Bargou RC, Leng C, Krappmann D, Emmerich F, Mapara MY, Bommert K; et al. (1996). "High-level nuclear NF-kappa B and Oct-2 is a common feature of cultured Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells". Blood. 87 (10): 4340–7. PMID 8639794.
  5. ↑ Nabhan C, Rosen ST (2014). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review". JAMA. 312 (21): 2265–76. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14553. PMID 25461996.
  6. ↑ Hallek M (2015). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment". Am J Hematol. 90 (5): 446–60. doi:10.1002/ajh.23979. PMID 25908509.
  7. ↑ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Libre Pathology (2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/B_cell_small_lymphocytic_lymphoma/chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia Accessed on October, 12 2015
  8. ↑ Hallek M (2015). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment". Am J Hematol. 90 (5): 446–60. doi:10.1002/ajh.23979. PMID 25908509.
  9. ↑ Zakowski, Maureen F. (2003). "Pathology of small cell carcinoma of the lung". Seminars in Oncology. 30 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50015. ISSN 0093-7754.
  10. ↑ National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional.
  11. ↑ Grace K. Dy & Alex A. Adjei (2002). "Novel targets for lung cancer therapy: part I". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 20 (12): 2881–2894. PMID 12065566. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ K. Hibi, T. Takahashi, Y. Sekido, R. Ueda, T. Hida, Y. Ariyoshi, H. Takagi & T. Takahashi (1991). "Coexpression of the stem cell factor and the c-kit genes in small-cell lung cancer". Oncogene. 6 (12): 2291–2296. PMID 1722571. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Yuri Pekarsky, Alexey Palamarchuk, Kay Huebner & Carlo M. Croce (2002). "FHIT as tumor suppressor: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities". Cancer biology & therapy. 1 (3): 232–236. PMID 12432269. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Miller AJ, Mihm MC (2006). "Melanoma". N Engl J Med. 355 (1): 51–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052166. PMID 16822996.
  15. ↑ Schanderdorf D, Kochs C, Livingstone E (2013). Handbook of Cutaneous Melanoma: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer.
  16. ↑ Mooi W, Krausz T (2007). Pathology of Melanocytic Disorders 2nd Ed. CRC Press.
  17. ↑ Denburg JA, Bienenstock J (March 1979). "Physiology of the immune response". Can Fam Physician. 25: 301–7. PMC 2382958. PMID 21297689.
  18. ↑ Jaffe ES, Wilson WH (1997). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications". Cancer Surv. 30: 233–48. PMID 9547995.
  19. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4 Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L, Stern JB, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M; et al. (2001). "Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features". Am J Surg Pathol. 25 (9): 1111–20. PMID 11688570.
  21. ↑ Bartosik W, Raza A, Kalimuthu S, Fabre A (2012). "Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis mimicking lung cancer". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 14 (5): 662–4. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivr083. PMC 3329320. PMID 22361129.
  22. ↑ Colby TV (2012). "Current histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis". Mod Pathol. 25 Suppl 1: S39–42. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.149. PMID 22214969.
  23. ↑ Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Gomes MM; et al. (2012). "The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease". Br J Radiol. 85 (1015): 848–64. doi:10.1259/bjr/16420165. PMC 3474050. PMID 22745203.
  24. ↑ Swerdlow, S.H.; Campo, E.; Harris, N.L.; Jaffe, E.S.; Pileri, S.A.; Stein, H.; Thiele, J.; Vardiman, J.W (2008). "11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC WHO Classification of Tumours. 2 (4th ed.). IARC. ISBN 9283224310.
  25. ↑ [1] Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Moguel LR, Spilove L, Beaty MW, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection." Am J Surg Pathol. 1999 Oct;23(10):1233-40. PMID: 10524524
  26. ↑ [2] Ree HJ, Kadin ME, Kikuchi M, Ko YH, Go JH, Suzumiya J, Kim DS. "Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILD-type T-cell lymphoma) with hyperplastic germinal centers." Am J Surg Pathol. 1998 Jun;22(6):643-55. PMID: 9630171
  27. ↑ [3] Kaneko Y, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Takayama S, Nanba K, Kikuchi M, Frizzera G. "Characteristic karyotypic pattern in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with reactive "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type" features." Blood. 1988 Aug;72(2):413-21. PMID: 3261178
  28. ↑ Aoki Y, Yarchoan R, Wyvill K, Okamoto S, Little RF, Tosato G. Detection of viral interleukin-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-linked disorders. Blood 2001;97(7):2173-6.
  29. ↑ Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S (2011). "The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity". Am J Dermatopathol. 33 (5): 433–60. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587. PMC 3690623. PMID 21694502.
  30. ↑ Fitzgerald TJ (1992). "The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental?". Infect Immun. 60 (9): 3475–9. PMC 257347. PMID 1386838.
  31. ↑ Singh AE, Romanowski B (1999). "Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (2): 187–209. PMC 88914. PMID 10194456.
  32. ↑ Engelkens HJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, van der Sluis JJ, Stolz E (1991). "Primary and secondary syphilis: a histopathological study". Int J STD AIDS. 2 (4): 280–4. PMID 1911961.
  33. ↑ Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050570. PMID 15930423.
  34. ↑ Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C (1996). "Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms". Infect Immun. 64 (7): 2782–6. PMC 174139. PMID 8698508.
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