Hyponatremia laboratory findings: Difference between revisions

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==Laboratory Findings==
==Laboratory Findings==
'''Biochemical evaluation for finding the etiologies of hyponatremia :'''
'''Biochemical evaluation for finding the etiologies of hyponatremia :'''
{{Columns-list|2|
 
* Serum sodium
 
* Serum osmolality
*CT scan for brain chest abdomen and pelvis is necessary for patients to evaluate the causes like SIAD( tumor detection ), and differentiate from other causes with the same presentation.
* [[Serum potassium]]
 
* Serum chloride
* [[Serum creatinine]]
* Serum other solutes
* Serum [[urea]]
* Blood Glucose
* Total protein and albumin
* Serum [[lipids]]
* Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin
* Red and white cell blood count
* Serum [[Cortisol level|cortisol]]
* Adrenocorticotropine hormone
* [[ADH|ADH level]]
* [[TSH]]
* Urine sodium
* Urine chloride
* [[Urine osmolality]]
* Urine for other solutes
* Fraction excretion of sodium
* Calculated [[GFR]]
}}
* CT scan for brain chest abdomen and pelvis is necessary for patients to evaluate the causes like SIAD( tumor detection ), and differentiate from other causes with the same presentation.
For different causes of hyponatremia, click [[Hyponatremia causes#Causes|here]].
For different causes of hyponatremia, click [[Hyponatremia causes#Causes|here]].


Line 81: Line 60:
|> 100 mOsm/kg
|> 100 mOsm/kg
|'''U<sub>Na</sub> > 20 mEq/L:'''
|'''U<sub>Na</sub> > 20 mEq/L:'''
* Acute or chronic [[renal failure]]
*Acute or chronic [[renal failure]]
 
*Fluid overload
*[[Psychogenic polydipsia]]
*[[Diuretic]] use in: [[Heart failure]]  [[Liver disease|, Liver disease]], [[Nephrotic syndrome]]


* Fluid overload
* [[Psychogenic polydipsia]]
* [[Diuretic]] use in: [[Heart failure]]  [[Liver disease|, Liver disease]], [[Nephrotic syndrome]]
'''U<sub>Na</sub> < 20 mEq/L:'''
'''U<sub>Na</sub> < 20 mEq/L:'''
* [[Heart failure]]
* [[Primary polydipsia]]


* [[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Heart failure]]
*[[Primary polydipsia]]


* Nephritic/[[nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
 
*Nephritic/[[nephrotic syndrome]]
|-
|-
!<big>Euvolemic hyponatremia</big>
!<big>Euvolemic hyponatremia</big>
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|> 100 mOsm/kg
|> 100 mOsm/kg
|'''Variable U<sub>Na</sub>''' ''':'''
|'''Variable U<sub>Na</sub>''' ''':'''
* [[SIADH|SIAD]]/ SIADH with fluid restriction
*[[SIADH|SIAD]]/ SIADH with fluid restriction
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
 
'''U<sub>Na</sub> > 40 mEq/L:'''
'''U<sub>Na</sub> > 40 mEq/L:'''
* [[Cortisol]] deficiency
* [[ACTH]] deficiency


* [[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Cortisol]] deficiency
* Drugs
*[[ACTH]] deficiency
* [[SIADH|SIAD]]/ SIADH
 
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*Drugs
*[[SIADH|SIAD]]/ SIADH
|-
|-
!<big>Hypovolemic hyponatremia</big>
!<big>Hypovolemic hyponatremia</big>
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|> 500 mOsm/kg
|> 500 mOsm/kg
|'''U<sub>Na</sub> > 30 mEq/L:'''
|'''U<sub>Na</sub> > 30 mEq/L:'''
* Renal loss:
*Renal loss:
** [[Osmotic diuresis]] ([[glucose]], [[urea]], bicarbonaturia)
**[[Osmotic diuresis]] ([[glucose]], [[urea]], bicarbonaturia)
** [[Salt-Iosing nephropathy]]
**[[Salt-Iosing nephropathy]]
** [[Addison disease]]
**[[Addison disease]]
** [[Cerebral salt wasting syndrome|CSW]]
**[[Cerebral salt wasting syndrome|CSW]]
** [[Diuretics]]
**[[Diuretics]]
 
'''U<sub>Na</sub> < 30 mEq/L:'''
'''U<sub>Na</sub> < 30 mEq/L:'''
* [[Diuretics]]


* Extra renal loss:
*[[Diuretics]]
** [[Vomiting]] (U<sub>cl</sub> ↓)
 
** [[Diarrhea]]
*Extra renal loss:
** [[Pancreatitis]]
**[[Vomiting]] (U<sub>cl</sub> ↓)
** [[Sweating]]
**[[Diarrhea]]
** [[Small bowel obstruction]]
**[[Pancreatitis]]
**[[Sweating]]
**[[Small bowel obstruction]]
|}
|}
</small>
</small>

Revision as of 20:26, 2 July 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saeedeh Kowsarnia M.D.[2]

Overview

In hyponatremia, depending on the cause, there can be different laboratory abnormalities.

To see the causes of hyponatremia, click here.

To see the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia, click here.

Laboratory Findings

Biochemical evaluation for finding the etiologies of hyponatremia :


  • CT scan for brain chest abdomen and pelvis is necessary for patients to evaluate the causes like SIAD( tumor detection ), and differentiate from other causes with the same presentation.

For different causes of hyponatremia, click here.

For approach to differential diagnosis, click here.

For the clinical approach to diagnosis, click here.


Laboratory findings in different causes of hyponatremia [1]:

Conditions Sodium status Plasma osmolality Urine osmolality Differentiation of causes
Hypervolemic hyponatremia TBW ↑↑

Serum Na ↑

< 275 mOsm/kg > 100 mOsm/kg UNa > 20 mEq/L:

UNa < 20 mEq/L:

Euvolemic hyponatremia TBW ↑

Serum Na ↔

< 275 mOsm/kg > 100 mOsm/kg Variable UNa :

UNa > 40 mEq/L:

Hypovolemic hyponatremia TBW ↔

Serum Na ↓↓

< 275 mOsm/kg > 500 mOsm/kg UNa > 30 mEq/L:

UNa < 30 mEq/L:

References

  1. Wiebke Fenske, Sebastian K. G. Maier, Anne Blechschmidt, Bruno Allolio & Stefan Stork (2010). "Utility and limitations of the traditional diagnostic approach to hyponatremia: a diagnostic study". The American journal of medicine. 123 (7): 652–657. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.01.013. PMID 20609688. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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