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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==Historical Perspective== |
| Intellectual disability traces its roots back to [[ancient civilizations]]. The [[Egyptians]] focused on treating [[disabilities]] and other [[ailments]], while [[Greek]] and [[Roman]] [[Civilizations]] negatively viewed [[disability]], killing those with disabilities. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[intellectual disability]] revolved around [[religion]] and [[superstitions]]. The [[Church]] became a [[refuge]] for the [[individual]] with disabilities by providing shelter. The [[Restoration period]] associated [["idiocy"]] and [[mental illness]] with [[immortality]] for which having a [[disability]] is a [[punishment]].
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| In the [[17th century]], [[John Locke]] differentiated intellectual disabilities from [[physical ones]], where both [[mental]] and [[emotional]] [[deficits]] characterized [[intellectual]] [[disabilities]]. [[Oxford]] [[Philosopher]] [[Willis]] pinpointed various [[etiologies]] for a [[mental disability]] such as [[heredity]], [[trauma]], other [[diseases]], and [[spirits]]. <ref name="RothSarawgi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Emily A.|last2=Sarawgi|first2=Shivali N.|last3=Fodstad|first3=Jill C.|title=History of Intellectual Disabilities|year=2019|pages=3–16|issn=2192-922X|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_1}}</ref>
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| ==Classification== | | ==Classification== |
Revision as of 12:43, 19 July 2021
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chelsea Mae Nobleza, M.D.[2]
Overview
Intellectual disability (ID) belongs to neurodevelopmental disorders that affect children and adolescents during the developmental period. It is categorized into four subclasses that determine the need for support. This condition is characterized by impairments in both intellectual and adaptive functions. Research involving ID has found that genes that encode cognitive abilities play an essential role in its pathophysiology. An interplay of environment and genetics can cause ID, and comprehensive screening is done in these cases. More importantly, ID has existing co-morbid conditions, which makes treatment and care a challenge.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Xyz from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
Echocardiography and Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Interventions
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
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