Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
Line 22: Line 22:
==Atrial fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes==
==Atrial fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes==
*The [[incidence]] of [[sudden cardiac death]] is between 0% and 0.6% in [[patients]] with [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]], particularly those with short antegrade bypass tract refractory periods (less than 250 ms) and short [[RR interval|R-R intervals]] during pre-excited [[atrial fibrillation]] (180 plus or minus 29 ms).<ref name="pmid8443907">Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ et al. (1993) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8443907 A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989.] ''Circulation'' 87 (3):866-73. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8443907 8443907]</ref><ref name="pmid2225373">Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, Murdock C (1990) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225373 Prognostic value of electrophysiology testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern.] ''Circulation'' 82 (5):1718-23. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2225373 2225373]</ref><ref name="pmid2502088">Soria R, Guize L, Chretien JM, Le Heuzey JY, Lavergne T, Desnos M et al. (1989) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2502088 [The natural history of 270 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a survey of the general population].] ''Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss'' 82 (3):331-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2502088 2502088]</ref><ref name="pmid5807647">Flensted-Jensen E (1969) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5807647 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A long-term follow-up of 47 cases.] ''Acta Med Scand'' 186 (1-2):65-74. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/5807647 5807647]</ref><ref name="pmid492252">Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, Pritchett EL, Smith WM, Gallagher JJ (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=492252 Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''N Engl J Med'' 301 (20):1080-5. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197911153012003 DOI:10.1056/NEJM197911153012003] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/492252 492252]</ref><ref name="pmid7517532">Zardini M, Yee R, Thakur RK, Klein GJ (1994) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7517532 Risk of sudden arrhythmic death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: current perspectives.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 17 (5 Pt 1):966-75. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7517532 7517532]</ref>  
*The [[incidence]] of [[sudden cardiac death]] is between 0% and 0.6% in [[patients]] with [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]], particularly those with short antegrade bypass tract refractory periods (less than 250 ms) and short [[RR interval|R-R intervals]] during pre-excited [[atrial fibrillation]] (180 plus or minus 29 ms).<ref name="pmid8443907">Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ et al. (1993) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8443907 A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989.] ''Circulation'' 87 (3):866-73. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8443907 8443907]</ref><ref name="pmid2225373">Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, Murdock C (1990) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2225373 Prognostic value of electrophysiology testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern.] ''Circulation'' 82 (5):1718-23. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2225373 2225373]</ref><ref name="pmid2502088">Soria R, Guize L, Chretien JM, Le Heuzey JY, Lavergne T, Desnos M et al. (1989) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2502088 [The natural history of 270 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a survey of the general population].] ''Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss'' 82 (3):331-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2502088 2502088]</ref><ref name="pmid5807647">Flensted-Jensen E (1969) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5807647 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A long-term follow-up of 47 cases.] ''Acta Med Scand'' 186 (1-2):65-74. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/5807647 5807647]</ref><ref name="pmid492252">Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, Pritchett EL, Smith WM, Gallagher JJ (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=492252 Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''N Engl J Med'' 301 (20):1080-5. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197911153012003 DOI:10.1056/NEJM197911153012003] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/492252 492252]</ref><ref name="pmid7517532">Zardini M, Yee R, Thakur RK, Klein GJ (1994) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7517532 Risk of sudden arrhythmic death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: current perspectives.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 17 (5 Pt 1):966-75. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7517532 7517532]</ref>  
*Development of [[atrial fibrillation]] in a [[patient]] with [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] can result in [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] such as [[syncope]], [[ventricular fibrillation]] and ultimately sudden death.<ref name="pmid1509997">{{cite journal| author=Pietersen AH, Andersen ED, Sandøe E| title=Atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1992 | volume= 70 | issue= 5 | pages= 38A-43A | pmid=1509997 | doi=10.1016/0002-9149(92)91076-g | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1509997  }} </ref>
*
*Based on a study done on [[patients]] with [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] with documented or induced [[atrial fibrillation]], effective refractory period of the accessory pathway was correlated with the shortest [[RR interval]] and [[ventricle|ventricular]] rate average.
*Based on a study done on [[patients]] with [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] with documented or induced [[atrial fibrillation]], effective refractory period of the accessory pathway was correlated with the shortest [[RR interval]] and [[ventricle|ventricular]] rate average.
*In [[Hemodynamics|hemodynamically]] stable [[patients]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[procainamide]] may be administered to convert pre-exited [[atrial fibrillation]] to [[sinus rhythm]].  
*In [[Hemodynamics|hemodynamically]] stable [[patients]], [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[procainamide]] may be administered to convert pre-exited [[atrial fibrillation]] to [[sinus rhythm]].  
*[[Atrioventricular node|AV nodal]] blocking agents such as [[digoxin]], [[diltiazem]], or [[verapamil]] are [[contraindication|contra-indicated]] as they increase [[Atrioventricular node|AV-node]] refractoriness which could encourage preferential conduction over the accessory pathway.  
*[[Atrioventricular node|AV nodal]] blocking agents such as [[digoxin]], [[diltiazem]], or [[verapamil]] are [[contraindication|contra-indicated]] as they increase [[Atrioventricular node|AV-node]] refractoriness which could encourage preferential conduction over the accessory pathway.  
*[[atrial fibrillation]] associated with a rapid [[tachycardia]] due to an accessory pathway may be treated with [[flecainide]] that has shown to slower the [[ventricle|ventricular]] rate by prolonging the shortest pre-excited cycle length during [[atrial fibrillation]] and hence terminate [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name="pmid4006340">Kappenberger LJ, Fromer MA, Shenasa M, Gloor HO (1985) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4006340 Evaluation of flecainide acetate in rapid atrial fibrillation complicating Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Clin Cardiol'' 8 (6):321-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/4006340 4006340]</ref><ref name="pmid3136632">Kim SS, Smith P, Ruffy R (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3136632 Treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias and preexcitation syndrome with flecainide acetate.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 62 (6):29D-34D. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3136632 3136632]</ref><ref name="pmid3132032">Crijns HJ, den Heijer P, van Wijk LM, Lie KI (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3132032 Successful use of flecainide in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Am Heart J'' 115 (6):1317-21. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3132032 3132032]</ref><ref name="pmid1721219">O'Nunain S, Garratt CJ, Linker NJ, Gill J, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1721219 A comparison of intravenous propafenone and flecainide in the treatment of tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 14 (11 Pt 2):2028-34. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1721219 1721219]</ref>
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] associated with a rapid [[tachycardia]] due to an accessory pathway may be treated with [[flecainide]] that has shown to slower the [[ventricle|ventricular]] rate by prolonging the shortest pre-excited cycle length during [[atrial fibrillation]] and hence terminate [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name="pmid4006340">Kappenberger LJ, Fromer MA, Shenasa M, Gloor HO (1985) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4006340 Evaluation of flecainide acetate in rapid atrial fibrillation complicating Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Clin Cardiol'' 8 (6):321-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/4006340 4006340]</ref><ref name="pmid3136632">Kim SS, Smith P, Ruffy R (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3136632 Treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias and preexcitation syndrome with flecainide acetate.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 62 (6):29D-34D. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3136632 3136632]</ref><ref name="pmid3132032">Crijns HJ, den Heijer P, van Wijk LM, Lie KI (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3132032 Successful use of flecainide in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Am Heart J'' 115 (6):1317-21. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3132032 3132032]</ref><ref name="pmid1721219">O'Nunain S, Garratt CJ, Linker NJ, Gill J, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1721219 A comparison of intravenous propafenone and flecainide in the treatment of tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 14 (11 Pt 2):2028-34. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1721219 1721219]</ref>


==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==
==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==

Revision as of 02:09, 6 September 2021
Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Sinus rhythm
Atrial fibrillation

Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Atrial Fibrillation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Special Groups

Postoperative AF
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hyperthyroidism
Pulmonary Diseases
Pregnancy
ACS and/or PCI or valve intervention
Heart failure

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples
A-Fib with LBBB

Chest X Ray

Echocardiography

Holter Monitoring and Exercise Stress Testing

Cardiac MRI

Treatment

Rate and Rhythm Control

Cardioversion

Overview
Electrical Cardioversion
Pharmacological Cardioversion

Anticoagulation

Overview
Warfarin
Converting from or to Warfarin
Converting from or to Parenteral Anticoagulants
Dabigatran

Maintenance of Sinus Rhythm

Surgery

Catheter Ablation
AV Nodal Ablation
Surgical Ablation
Cardiac Surgery

Specific Patient Groups

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Supportive Trial Data

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes

CDC on Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes

Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes in the news

Blogs on Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes

Directions to Hospitals Treating Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes

Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2] Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Atrial fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White preexcitation syndromes

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[12]

Wolff-Parkinson-White and Pre-Excitation Syndromes

Class I
"1. Prompt direct-current cardioversion is recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), and rapid ventricular response who are hemodynamically compromised. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Intravenous procainamide or ibutilide to restore sinus rhythm or slow the ventricular rate is recommended for patients with pre-excited atrial fibrillation and rapid ventricular response who are not hemodynamically compromised. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"3. Catheter ablation of the accessory pathway is recommended in symptomatic patients with pre-excited atrial fibrillation, especially if the accessory pathway has a short refractory period that allows rapid antegrade conduction. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class III: No Benefit
"1. Administration of intravenous amiodarone, adenosine, digoxin (oral or intravenous), or nondihydropyridine calcium antagonists (oral or intravenous) in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) who have pre-excited atrial fibrillation is potentially harmful as these treatments accelerate the ventricular rate. (Level of Evidence: B)"

2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[13]

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Preexcitation Syndromes (DO NOT EDIT) [13]

Class I
"1. Catheter ablation of the accessory pathway is recommended in symptomatic patients with atrial fibrillation who have Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), particularly those with syncope due to rapid heart rate or those with a short bypass tract refractory period. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Immediate direct-current cardioversion is recommended to prevent ventricular fibrillation in patients with a short anterograde bypass tract refractory period in whom atrial fibrillation occurs with a rapid ventricular response associated with hemodynamic instability. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. Intravenous procainamide or ibutilide is recommended to restore sinus rhythm in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) in whom atrial fibrillation occurs without hemodynamic instability in association with a wide QRS complex on the ECG (greater than or equal to 120-ms duration) or with a rapid pre-excited ventricular response. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class III (Harm)
"1. Intravenous administration of digitalis glycosides or nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists is not recommended in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) who have preexcited ventricular activation during atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. Intravenous flecainide or direct-current cardioversion is reasonable when very rapid ventricular rates occur in patients with atrial fibrillation involving conduction over an accessory pathway. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. It may be reasonable to administer intravenous quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide, ibutilide, or amiodarone to hemodynamically stable patients with atrial fibrillation involving conduction over an accessory pathway. (Level of Evidence: B)"

Sources

References

  1. ↑ Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ et al. (1993) A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989. Circulation 87 (3):866-73. PMID: 8443907
  2. ↑ Leitch JW, Klein GJ, Yee R, Murdock C (1990) Prognostic value of electrophysiology testing in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Circulation 82 (5):1718-23. PMID: 2225373
  3. ↑ Soria R, Guize L, Chretien JM, Le Heuzey JY, Lavergne T, Desnos M et al. (1989) [The natural history of 270 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a survey of the general population.] Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 82 (3):331-6. PMID: 2502088
  4. ↑ Flensted-Jensen E (1969) Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A long-term follow-up of 47 cases. Acta Med Scand 186 (1-2):65-74. PMID: 5807647
  5. ↑ Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, Pritchett EL, Smith WM, Gallagher JJ (1979) Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 301 (20):1080-5. DOI:10.1056/NEJM197911153012003 PMID: 492252
  6. ↑ Zardini M, Yee R, Thakur RK, Klein GJ (1994) Risk of sudden arrhythmic death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: current perspectives. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 17 (5 Pt 1):966-75. PMID: 7517532
  7. ↑ Pietersen AH, Andersen ED, Sandøe E (1992). "Atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome". Am J Cardiol. 70 (5): 38A–43A. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91076-g. PMID 1509997.
  8. ↑ Kappenberger LJ, Fromer MA, Shenasa M, Gloor HO (1985) Evaluation of flecainide acetate in rapid atrial fibrillation complicating Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Clin Cardiol 8 (6):321-6. PMID: 4006340
  9. ↑ Kim SS, Smith P, Ruffy R (1988) Treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias and preexcitation syndrome with flecainide acetate. Am J Cardiol 62 (6):29D-34D. PMID: 3136632
  10. ↑ Crijns HJ, den Heijer P, van Wijk LM, Lie KI (1988) Successful use of flecainide in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J 115 (6):1317-21. PMID: 3132032
  11. ↑ O'Nunain S, Garratt CJ, Linker NJ, Gill J, Ward DE, Camm AJ (1991) A comparison of intravenous propafenone and flecainide in the treatment of tachycardias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 14 (11 Pt 2):2028-34. PMID: 1721219
  12. ↑ January, C. T.; Wann, L. S.; Alpert, J. S.; Calkins, H.; Cleveland, J. C.; Cigarroa, J. E.; Conti, J. B.; Ellinor, P. T.; Ezekowitz, M. D.; Field, M. E.; Murray, K. T.; Sacco, R. L.; Stevenson, W. G.; Tchou, P. J.; Tracy, C. M.; Yancy, C. W. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. ISSN 0009-7322.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol. 57 (11): e101–98. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013. PMID 21392637.
  14. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (7):e257-354. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 PMID: 16908781
  15. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123 (10):e269-367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d PMID: 21382897
  16. ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199

CME Category::Cardiology

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Atrial_fibrillation_Wolff-Parkinson-White_preexcitation_syndromes&oldid=1713175"