Eczema natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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=== Comorbidities ===
=== Comorbidities ===
* [[Individuals]] suffering from [[eczema]] often have comorbidities like [[asthma]]<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>, [[allergic rhinitis]] <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>, [[contact dermatitis]] <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>, and [[food allergy]] <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92459-4">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92459-4 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>.
* [[Individuals]] suffering from [[eczema]] often have comorbidities like [[asthma]] <ref> Holgate ST. The epithelium takes centre stage in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Trends Immunol. 2007;28(6):248-251. doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007</ref>, [[allergic rhinitis]] <ref> Zheng T, Yu J, Oh MH, Zhu Z. The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(2):67-73. doi:10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67</ref>, [[contact dermatitis]] <ref> de Groot AC. The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22(5):273-277. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x </ref>, and [[food allergy]] <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92459-4">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92459-4 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>.
** [[Peanut allergy]] is the most common form of [[food allergy]] associated with [[eczema]]. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-4293">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-4293 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
** [[Peanut allergy]] is the most common form of [[food allergy]] associated with [[eczema]]. <ref> Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM. Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet. 1981;1(8233):1285-1286. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92459-4 </ref>
**The National Institute of [[Allergy]] and [[Infectious Diseases]] 2017 guidelines recommend that all [[infants]] suffering from severe [[eczema]] should undergo [[skin prick testing]] or peanut-specific [[IgE]] evaluation to assess for possible occurrence of [[peanut allergy]], and be prevented as early as possible. <ref> Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, et al. Addendum
**The National Institute of [[Allergy]] and [[Infectious Diseases]] 2017 guidelines recommend that all [[infants]] suffering from severe [[eczema]] should undergo [[skin prick testing]] or peanut-specific [[IgE]] evaluation to assess for possible occurrence of [[peanut allergy]] and be prevented as early as possible. <ref> Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, et al. Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(1):29-44. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.010</ref>
guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the
* [[Eczema]] is also associated with [[metabolic]] problems such as [[obesity]]. <ref> nSilverberg JI, Kleiman E, Lev-Tov H, et al. Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in childhood: a case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(5):1180-6.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063 </ref>
United States: report of the National Institute of Al�lergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert
panel. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2017;13(1):1. </ref>
* [[Eczema]] is also associated with [[metabolic]] problems such as [[obesity]]. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>


=== Complications ===
=== Complications ===

Revision as of 17:08, 10 June 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.


Overview

Eczema has regarded as a medical condition with a natural history that occurs consistently. It is characterized as a disease with an early onset, mostly during the childhood period, and remits during the adolescence period. If eczema is left untreated, it can lead to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Psychological problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.

Eczema Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

  • Eczema has regarded as a medical condition with a natural history that occurs consistently.
  • It is characterized as a disease with an early onset, mostly during the childhood period, and remits during the adolescence period. [1]

Comorbidities

Complications


 Table 1. Associated comorbidities and complications of eczema.
Complications Description
Bacterial Infections Staphylococcus aureus[12][13] and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization. [14] [15] [16]
Viral Infections Eczema herpeticum [17], herpes simplex virus [18], and Molluscum contagiosum [19].
Fungal Infections Tinea [20]
Psychological Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and speech disorders. [21] [22]

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ Paternoster L, Savenije OEM, Heron J, et al. Identification of atopic dermatitis subgroups in children from 2 longitudinal birth cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(3):964-971. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.044
  2. ↑ Holgate ST. The epithelium takes centre stage in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Trends Immunol. 2007;28(6):248-251. doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007
  3. ↑ Zheng T, Yu J, Oh MH, Zhu Z. The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(2):67-73. doi:10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67
  4. ↑ de Groot AC. The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22(5):273-277. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x
  5. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92459-4 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM. Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet. 1981;1(8233):1285-1286. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92459-4
  7. ↑ Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, et al. Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(1):29-44. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.010
  8. ↑ nSilverberg JI, Kleiman E, Lev-Tov H, et al. Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in childhood: a case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(5):1180-6.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063
  9. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041 Check |pmid= value (help).
  10. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017 Check |pmid= value (help).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475416685078 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.023. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.023. Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4005. doi: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4005. Check |pmid= value (help).
  14. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08905.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08905.x. Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09679.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09679.x. Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5. doi: 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5. Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1038/sj.jid.5700657. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700657. Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.3390/jcm4050884. doi: 10.3390/jcm4050884. Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2016.06.004. Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-016-0137-9 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1111/bjd.14697. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14697. Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.066. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.066. Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B (2005). "Fifteen-year follow-up of hand eczema: persistence and consequences". Br J Dermatol. 152 (5): 975–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06494.x. PMID 15888155.
  24. ↑ Olesen CM, Agner T, Ebbehøj NE, Carøe TK (2019). "Factors influencing prognosis for occupational hand eczema: new trends". Br J Dermatol. 181 (6): 1280–1286. doi:10.1111/bjd.17870. PMID 30851194.
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