Eczema natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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*[[Eczema]] can lead to [[viral]], [[bacterial]] and [[fungal]] [[infections]].  
*[[Eczema]] can lead to [[viral]], [[bacterial]] and [[fungal]] [[infections]].  
*[[Psychological]] problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.
*[[Psychological]] problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.
** 92,642 [[children]] participants with [[eczema]] in a [[cross-sectional study]] were observed to have a two-fold increase in having an [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ([[ADHD]]). <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>  
** 92,642 [[children]] participants with [[eczema]] in a [[cross-sectional study]] were observed to have a two-fold increase in having an [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ([[ADHD]]). <ref> Yaghmaie P, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):428-433. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041</ref> <ref> Buske-Kirschbaum A, Schmitt J, Plessow F, Romanos M, Weidinger S, Roessner V. Psychoendocrine and psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms in the comorbidity of atopic eczema and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(1):12-23. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017</ref>  
**A higher [[incidence rate]] of [[anxiety disorders]] in [[adolescence]] is observed. These include [[generalized anxiety disorder]] and [[social anxiety disorder]]. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1177/1203475416685078">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475416685078 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
**A higher [[incidence rate]] of [[anxiety disorders]] in [[adolescence]] is observed. These include [[generalized anxiety disorder]] and [[social anxiety disorder]]. <ref> Nicholas MN, Gooderham MJ. Atopic Dermatitis, Depression, and Suicidality. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(3):237-242. doi:10.1177/1203475416685078 </ref>
**The [[elderly people]] with [[eczema]] are the most commonly affected with [[depression]]. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1177/1203475416685078">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1177/1203475416685078 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
**The [[elderly people]] with [[eczema]] are the most commonly affected with [[depression]]. <ref> Nicholas MN, Gooderham MJ. Atopic Dermatitis, Depression, and Suicidality. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(3):237-242. doi:10.1177/1203475416685078 </ref>
*Table 1 presents the associated [[comorbidities]] and [[complications]] of [[eczema]].
*Table 1 presents the associated [[comorbidities]] and [[complications]] of [[eczema]].


Revision as of 17:13, 10 June 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Edzel Lorraine Co, D.M.D., M.D.


Overview

Eczema has regarded as a medical condition with a natural history that occurs consistently. It is characterized as a disease with an early onset, mostly during the childhood period, and remits during the adolescence period. If eczema is left untreated, it can lead to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Psychological problems could also arise brought about by constant itching.

Eczema Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

  • Eczema has regarded as a medical condition with a natural history that occurs consistently.
  • It is characterized as a disease with an early onset, mostly during the childhood period, and remits during the adolescence period. [1]

Comorbidities

Complications


 Table 1. Associated comorbidities and complications of eczema.
Complications Description
Bacterial Infections Staphylococcus aureus[13][14] and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization. [15] [16] [17]
Viral Infections Eczema herpeticum [18], herpes simplex virus [19], and Molluscum contagiosum [20].
Fungal Infections Tinea [21]
Psychological Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and speech disorders. [22] [23]

Prognosis

References

  1. ↑ Paternoster L, Savenije OEM, Heron J, et al. Identification of atopic dermatitis subgroups in children from 2 longitudinal birth cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141(3):964-971. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.044
  2. ↑ Holgate ST. The epithelium takes centre stage in asthma and atopic dermatitis. Trends Immunol. 2007;28(6):248-251. doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.04.007
  3. ↑ Zheng T, Yu J, Oh MH, Zhu Z. The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2011;3(2):67-73. doi:10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.67
  4. ↑ de Groot AC. The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 1990;22(5):273-277. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01595.x
  5. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92459-4 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RW, Ferrett J, MacDonald DM. Intestinal permeability in patients with eczema and food allergy. Lancet. 1981;1(8233):1285-1286. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92459-4
  7. ↑ Togias A, Cooper SF, Acebal ML, et al. Addendum guidelines for the prevention of peanut allergy in the United States: Report of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(1):29-44. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.010
  8. ↑ Silverberg JI, Kleiman E, Lev-Tov H, et al. Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in childhood: a case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127(5):1180-6.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.063
  9. ↑ Yaghmaie P, Koudelka CW, Simpson EL. Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131(2):428-433. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.10.041
  10. ↑ Buske-Kirschbaum A, Schmitt J, Plessow F, Romanos M, Weidinger S, Roessner V. Psychoendocrine and psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms in the comorbidity of atopic eczema and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(1):12-23. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.017
  11. ↑ Nicholas MN, Gooderham MJ. Atopic Dermatitis, Depression, and Suicidality. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(3):237-242. doi:10.1177/1203475416685078
  12. ↑ Nicholas MN, Gooderham MJ. Atopic Dermatitis, Depression, and Suicidality. J Cutan Med Surg. 2017;21(3):237-242. doi:10.1177/1203475416685078
  13. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.023. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.023. Check |pmid= value (help).
  14. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4005. doi: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4005. Check |pmid= value (help).
  15. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08905.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08905.x. Check |pmid= value (help).
  16. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09679.x. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09679.x. Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5. doi: 10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5. Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1038/sj.jid.5700657. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700657. Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.3390/jcm4050884. doi: 10.3390/jcm4050884. Check |pmid= value (help).
  20. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2016.06.004. Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-016-0137-9 Check |pmid= value (help).
  22. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1111/bjd.14697. doi: 10.1111/bjd.14697. Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.066. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.066. Check |pmid= value (help).
  24. ↑ Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Järvholm B (2005). "Fifteen-year follow-up of hand eczema: persistence and consequences". Br J Dermatol. 152 (5): 975–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06494.x. PMID 15888155.
  25. ↑ Olesen CM, Agner T, Ebbehøj NE, Carøe TK (2019). "Factors influencing prognosis for occupational hand eczema: new trends". Br J Dermatol. 181 (6): 1280–1286. doi:10.1111/bjd.17870. PMID 30851194.
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