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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
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| | [[ADEM]] is currently seen most commonly after a bout of [[viral]] [[infection]] of the [[respiratory]] and [[gastrointestinal]] tracts. However, in the majority of cases, the [[etiology]] still remains unknown. |
| | | ===[[Infections]]=== |
| *[[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis CT|Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]] (ADEM) is a rare [[inflammatory]] [[demyelinating]] multifocal disease of the [[central nervous system]] that most commonly affects children after [[immunization]] or [[viral infections]] of [[respiratory]] or [[Gastrointestinal tract|gastrointestina]]<nowiki/>l tracts or [[bacterial]] [[pathogens]] and carries a high risk of [[neurological]] [[sequelae]] if not treated promptly.<ref name="pmid30753808">{{cite journal| author=Alves JM, Marques IB, Gil-Gouveia R| title=[Vaccination Controversies: An Adult Case of Post-Vaccinal Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]. | journal=Acta Med Port | year= 2019 | volume= 32 | issue= 1 | pages= 81-85 | pmid=30753808 | doi=10.20344/amp.9809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30753808 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15580467">{{cite journal| author=Stüve O, Nessler S, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, Wiendl H, Kieseier BC| title=[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis]. | journal=Nervenarzt | year= 2005 | volume= 76 | issue= 6 | pages= 701-7 | pmid=15580467 | doi=10.1007/s00115-004-1842-0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15580467 }}</ref>
| | ====[[Viral]]==== |
| *Common [[viral]] causes are [[cytomegalovirus]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[Human herpes virus 6|human herpes virus]]-6, [[influenza virus]], [[hepatitis A]], human [[immunodeficiency]] virus, and [[mycoplasma pneumonia]].<ref name="pmid30753808">{{cite journal| author=Alves JM, Marques IB, Gil-Gouveia R| title=[Vaccination Controversies: An Adult Case of Post-Vaccinal Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis]. | journal=Acta Med Port | year= 2019 | volume= 32 | issue= 1 | pages= 81-85 | pmid=30753808 | doi=10.20344/amp.9809 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30753808 }} </ref> | | *[[Cytomegalovirus]] |
| *Common [[bacterial]] pathogens associated are [[Leptospira]], [[beta-hemolytic streptococci]], and [[Borrelia burgdorferi]]. | | *[[Epstein-Barr]] [[virus]] |
| *The [[rabies vaccine]] was the first [[vaccine]] to be linked to [[Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis case study one|acute disseminated encephalomyelitis]] <ref name="pmid30730236">{{cite journal| author=Rossor T, Benetou C, Wright S, Duignan S, Lascelles K, Robinson R | display-authors=etal| title=Early predictors of epilepsy and subsequent relapse in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. | journal=Mult Scler | year= 2020 | volume= 26 | issue= 3 | pages= 333-342 | pmid=30730236 | doi=10.1177/1352458518823486 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30730236 }}</ref> | | *[[Herpes]] simplex |
| | | *[Measles]] |
| *[[Measles]], [[pertussis]], [[tetanus]], [[influenza]], [[hepatitis B]], [[diphtheria]], [[rubella]], [[pneumococcus]], [[varicella]], [[smallpox]], [[human papillomavirus]], and [[poliomyelitis]] [[vaccines]] are among the less usually associated [[Immunization|immunizations]].<ref name="pmid30683508">{{cite journal| author=Torisu H, Okada K| title=Vaccination-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. | journal=Vaccine | year= 2019 | volume= 37 | issue= 8 | pages= 1126-1129 | pmid=30683508 | doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30683508 }}</ref> | | *[[Mumps]] |
| | *[[Rubella]] |
| | *[[Varicella]] |
| | *[[Influenza]] |
| | *[[Hepatitis]]A, B |
| | *[[HIV]] |
| | ====[[Bacterial]]==== |
| | *[[Mycoplasma]] |
| | *[[Leptospira]] |
| | *[[Beta-hemolytic]] [[streptococci]] |
| | *[[Borrelia]] |
| | *[[Chlamydia]] |
| | *[[Legionella]] |
| | *[[Campylobacter]] |
| | ===[[Vaccinations]]=== |
| | * [[Rabies]] (the earliest [[vaccine]] associated with [[ADEM]]) |
| | *[[Measles]] |
| | *[[Mumps]] |
| | *[[Rubella]] |
| | *[[Varicella]] |
| | *[[Smallpox]] |
| | *[[DPT]] |
| | *[[Polio]] |
| | *[[Hepatitis]] B |
| | *[[Influenza]] |
| | *Japanese B [[encephalitis]] |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shameera Shaik Masthan MBBS, DLO, DNB[2]
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Overview
In the vast majority of cases, the causal pathogen is unknown. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a clinical illness that can be roughly classified as encephalomyelitis with numerous inflammatory demyelination, autoimmune reasons, and a connection to a previous infection or vaccine.
Causes
ADEM is currently seen most commonly after a bout of viral infection of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. However, in the majority of cases, the etiology still remains unknown.
References