Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===[[Infections]=== | |||
* The [[pathogens]] remain mostly unknown. | |||
* The [[prodromal ]] phase is characterised by [[flu]]-like [[symptoms]] (56-61%) and non-specific upper [[respiratory]] or [[gastrointestinal]] manifestations. The latent period varies from 4 to 41 days. | |||
*[[Viral]] [[exanthems]] usually precede the onset of [[pediatric]] [[ADEM]]. | |||
* The most common associated [[pathogens]] are viruses namely, [[Epstein-Barr]], [[measles]], [[mumps]], [[rubella]], [[coxsackie B]]. [[Bacteria]] like [[Borrelia]] [[burgdorferi]], [[Legionella]] and [[Mycoplasma]] are infrequently reported. | |||
* [[ADEM]] shows a seasonal variation with increased [[incidence]] in winter and spring, probably due to the changes in the distribution of the implicated agents. | |||
===[[Vaccinations]]=== | |||
*[[Immunization]] is the precipitating factor for less than 5% of [[ADEM]] cases. | |||
* The most frequent occurrences are with the [[vaccines]] of [[measles]], [[mumps]] and [[rubella]]. | |||
* The latent period varies from 2 to 30 days. | |||
===[[Genetic]] susceptibility=== | |||
* An association between [[ADEM]] and [[HLA-DR]] [[genes]] has been elucidated in a recent study. | |||
* Patients with [[congenital]] [[adrenal]] [[hyperplasia]] or [[acquired]] [[adrenal]] [[insufficiency]] have been reported to suffer from a sequelae of [[encephalopathy]] with [[white matter]] [[lesions]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 06:11, 14 November 2022
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujaya Chattopadhyay, M.D.[2]
Overview
Risk Factors
[[Infections]
- The pathogens remain mostly unknown.
- The prodromal phase is characterised by flu-like symptoms (56-61%) and non-specific upper respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations. The latent period varies from 4 to 41 days.
- Viral exanthems usually precede the onset of pediatric ADEM.
- The most common associated pathogens are viruses namely, Epstein-Barr, measles, mumps, rubella, coxsackie B. Bacteria like Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionella and Mycoplasma are infrequently reported.
- ADEM shows a seasonal variation with increased incidence in winter and spring, probably due to the changes in the distribution of the implicated agents.
Vaccinations
- Immunization is the precipitating factor for less than 5% of ADEM cases.
- The most frequent occurrences are with the vaccines of measles, mumps and rubella.
- The latent period varies from 2 to 30 days.
Genetic susceptibility
- An association between ADEM and HLA-DR genes has been elucidated in a recent study.
- Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or acquired adrenal insufficiency have been reported to suffer from a sequelae of encephalopathy with white matter lesions.