Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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===[[Vaccinations]]=== | ===[[Vaccinations]]=== | ||
*[[Immunization|Immunisation]] is the precipitating factor for less than 5% of [[ADEM]] cases<ref name="pmid260794822">{{cite journal| author=Esposito S, Di Pietro GM, Madini B, Mastrolia MV, Rigante D| title=A spectrum of inflammation and demyelination in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) of children. | journal=Autoimmun Rev | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 923-9 | pmid=26079482 | doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.002 | pmc=7105213 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26079482 }}</ref>. | *[[Immunization|Immunisation]] is the precipitating factor for less than 5% of [[ADEM]] cases<ref name="pmid260794822">{{cite journal| author=Esposito S, Di Pietro GM, Madini B, Mastrolia MV, Rigante D| title=A spectrum of inflammation and demyelination in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) of children. | journal=Autoimmun Rev | year= 2015 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 923-9 | pmid=26079482 | doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.002 | pmc=7105213 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26079482 }}</ref>. | ||
* The most frequent occurrences are with [[measles]], [[mumps]] and [[rubella]] [[vaccines]]. | * The most frequent occurrences are with [[measles]], [[mumps]] and [[rubella]] [[vaccines]]<ref name="pmid18976924">{{cite journal| author=Huynh W, Cordato DJ, Kehdi E, Masters LT, Dedousis C| title=Post-vaccination encephalomyelitis: literature review and illustrative case. | journal=J Clin Neurosci | year= 2008 | volume= 15 | issue= 12 | pages= 1315-22 | pmid=18976924 | doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2008.05.002 | pmc=7125578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18976924 }} </ref>. | ||
* The latent period varies from 2 to 30 days. | * The latent period varies from 2 to 30 days<ref name="pmid18976924">{{cite journal| author=Huynh W, Cordato DJ, Kehdi E, Masters LT, Dedousis C| title=Post-vaccination encephalomyelitis: literature review and illustrative case. | journal=J Clin Neurosci | year= 2008 | volume= 15 | issue= 12 | pages= 1315-22 | pmid=18976924 | doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2008.05.002 | pmc=7125578 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18976924 }} </ref>. | ||
===[[Genetic]] susceptibility=== | ===[[Genetic]] susceptibility=== | ||
* An association between [[ADEM]] and [[HLA-DR]] [[genes]] has been elucidated in a recent study. | * An association between [[ADEM]] and [[HLA-DR]] [[genes]] has been elucidated in a recent study. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujaya Chattopadhyay, M.D.[2]
Overview
Risk Factors
Infections
- The pathogens remain mostly unknown[1].
- The prodromal phase is characterised by flu-like symptoms (56-61%) and non-specific upper respiratory or gastrointestinal manifestations. The latent period varies from 4 to 41 days[2].
- Viral exanthems usually precede the onset of pediatric ADEM[3].
- The most common associated pathogens are viruses namely, Epstein-Barr, measles, mumps, rubella and coxsackie B[4]. Bacteria like Borrelia burgdorferi, Legionella and Mycoplasma are infrequently reported[5][6].
- ADEM shows a seasonal variation with increased incidence in winter and spring, probably due to the changes in the distribution of the implicated agents.
Vaccinations
- Immunisation is the precipitating factor for less than 5% of ADEM cases[7].
- The most frequent occurrences are with measles, mumps and rubella vaccines[8].
- The latent period varies from 2 to 30 days[8].
Genetic susceptibility
- An association between ADEM and HLA-DR genes has been elucidated in a recent study.
- Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia or acquired adrenal insufficiency have been reported to suffer from a sequelae of encephalopathy with white matter lesions.
References
- ↑ Hung KL, Liao HT, Tsai ML (2001). "The spectrum of postinfectious encephalomyelitis". Brain Dev. 23 (1): 42–5. doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(00)00197-2. PMID 11226729.
- ↑ Berzero G, Cortese A, Ravaglia S, Marchioni E (2016). "Diagnosis and therapy of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and its variants". Expert Rev Neurother. 16 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1126510. PMID 26620160.
- ↑ Berzero G, Cortese A, Ravaglia S, Marchioni E (2016). "Diagnosis and therapy of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and its variants". Expert Rev Neurother. 16 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1126510. PMID 26620160.
- ↑ Berzero G, Cortese A, Ravaglia S, Marchioni E (2016). "Diagnosis and therapy of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and its variants". Expert Rev Neurother. 16 (1): 83–101. doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1126510. PMID 26620160.
- ↑ Menge T, Hemmer B, Nessler S, Wiendl H, Neuhaus O, Hartung HP; et al. (2005). "Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: an update". Arch Neurol. 62 (11): 1673–80. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.11.1673. PMID 16286539.
- ↑ Esposito S, Di Pietro GM, Madini B, Mastrolia MV, Rigante D (2015). "A spectrum of inflammation and demyelination in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) of children". Autoimmun Rev. 14 (10): 923–9. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.002. PMC 7105213 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 26079482. - ↑ Esposito S, Di Pietro GM, Madini B, Mastrolia MV, Rigante D (2015). "A spectrum of inflammation and demyelination in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) of children". Autoimmun Rev. 14 (10): 923–9. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2015.06.002. PMC 7105213 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 26079482. - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Huynh W, Cordato DJ, Kehdi E, Masters LT, Dedousis C (2008). "Post-vaccination encephalomyelitis: literature review and illustrative case". J Clin Neurosci. 15 (12): 1315–22. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2008.05.002. PMC 7125578 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 18976924.