Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease classification: Difference between revisions
Created page with "{{Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}} {{CMG}}; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com]; {{AOEIC}} {{CZ}} ==Overview== '''Chronic obstructive pulmonary..." |
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
===Chronic bronchitis=== | |||
{{Main|chronic bronchitis}} | |||
Lung damage and inflammation in the large airways results in chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is defined in clinical terms as a cough with [[sputum]] production on most days for 3 months of a year, for 2 consecutive years.<ref name="ohcm">{{cite book |author=Longmore, J. M.; Murray Longmore; Wilkinson, Ian; Supraj R. Rajagopalan |title=Oxford handbook of clinical medicine |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=2004 |pages=188–9 |isbn=0-19-852558-3 }}</ref> In the airways of the lung, the hallmark of chronic bronchitis is an increased number ([[hyperplasia]]) and increased size ([[hypertrophy]]) of the [[goblet cells]] and [[mucous glands]] of the airway. As a result, there is more mucus than usual in the airways, contributing to narrowing of the airways and causing a cough with sputum. [[Microscope|Microscopically]] there is [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] of the airway walls with [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] cells. Inflammation is followed by scarring and remodeling that thickens the walls and also results in narrowing of the airways. As chronic bronchitis progresses, there is [[squamous metaplasia]] (an abnormal change in the tissue lining the inside of the airway) and [[fibrosis]] (further thickening and scarring of the airway wall). The consequence of these changes is a limitation of airflow.<ref name=kc>{{cite book |author=Kumar P, Clark M |title=Clinical Medicine |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |year=2005 |isbn=0702027634 |pages=900–1 |edition=6th }}</ref> | |||
Patients with advanced COPD that have primarily chronic bronchitis rather than emphysema were commonly referred to as "Blue Bloaters" because of the bluish color of the skin and lips ([[cyanosis]]) seen in them.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chung C, Delaney J, Hodgins R |chapter=Respirology |editor=Somogyi, Ron; Colman, Rebecca |title=The Toronto notes 2008: a comprehensive medical reference and review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam — Part 1 and the United States Medical Licensing Exam — Step 2 |publisher=Toronto Notes for Medical Students |location=Toronto |year=2008 |page=R9 |isbn=0-9685928-8-0 }}</ref> The [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and [[Water retention (medicine)|fluid retention]] leads to them being called "Blue Bloaters". | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:49, 1 March 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]
Overview
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a group of diseases characterized by the pathological limitation of airflow in the airway that is not fully reversible Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag In the airways of the lung, the hallmark of chronic bronchitis is an increased number (hyperplasia) and increased size (hypertrophy) of the goblet cells and mucous glands of the airway. As a result, there is more mucus than usual in the airways, contributing to narrowing of the airways and causing a cough with sputum. Microscopically there is infiltration of the airway walls with inflammatory cells. Inflammation is followed by scarring and remodeling that thickens the walls and also results in narrowing of the airways. As chronic bronchitis progresses, there is squamous metaplasia (an abnormal change in the tissue lining the inside of the airway) and fibrosis (further thickening and scarring of the airway wall). The consequence of these changes is a limitation of airflow.[1]
Patients with advanced COPD that have primarily chronic bronchitis rather than emphysema were commonly referred to as "Blue Bloaters" because of the bluish color of the skin and lips (cyanosis) seen in them.[2] The hypoxia and fluid retention leads to them being called "Blue Bloaters".
References
- ↑ Kumar P, Clark M (2005). Clinical Medicine (6th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 900–1. ISBN 0702027634.
- ↑ Chung C, Delaney J, Hodgins R (2008). "Respirology". In Somogyi, Ron; Colman, Rebecca. The Toronto notes 2008: a comprehensive medical reference and review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam — Part 1 and the United States Medical Licensing Exam — Step 2. Toronto: Toronto Notes for Medical Students. p. R9. ISBN 0-9685928-8-0.