Ebola: Difference between revisions
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[[Plant]]s, [[arthropods]], and birds have also been considered as reservoirs, however bats are considered the most likely candidate<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Fruit bats may carry Ebola virus |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4484494.stm |work=BBC News |publisher= |date=2005-12-11 |accessdate=2008-02-25 }}</ref>. Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index cases for the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed and have also been implicated in Marburg infections in 1975 and 1980.<ref name="Pourrut2005" /> Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with ''Ebolavirus'', only bats became infected.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanepoel |first=R |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1996 |month= |title=Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=2 |issue= |pages=321-325 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no4/swanepo2.htm |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In 2002-03, a survey of 1,030 animals from [[Gabon]] and the [[Republic of the Congo]] including 679 bats found ''Ebolavirus'' RNA in 13 [[fruit bats]] (''Hyspignathus monstrosus, Epomops franquetti and Myonycteris torquata'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leroy |first=Eric |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |month= |title=Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue= |pages=575-576 |doi=10.1038/438575a |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Bats are also known to be the reservoirs for a number of related viruses including [[Nipah virus]], [[Hendra virus]] and [[lyssavirus]]es. | [[Plant]]s, [[arthropods]], and birds have also been considered as reservoirs, however bats are considered the most likely candidate<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Fruit bats may carry Ebola virus |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4484494.stm |work=BBC News |publisher= |date=2005-12-11 |accessdate=2008-02-25 }}</ref>. Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index cases for the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed and have also been implicated in Marburg infections in 1975 and 1980.<ref name="Pourrut2005" /> Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with ''Ebolavirus'', only bats became infected.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Swanepoel |first=R |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1996 |month= |title=Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=2 |issue= |pages=321-325 |doi= |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol2no4/swanepo2.htm |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In 2002-03, a survey of 1,030 animals from [[Gabon]] and the [[Republic of the Congo]] including 679 bats found ''Ebolavirus'' RNA in 13 [[fruit bats]] (''Hyspignathus monstrosus, Epomops franquetti and Myonycteris torquata'').<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leroy |first=Eric |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2005 |month= |title=Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus |journal=Nature |volume=438 |issue= |pages=575-576 |doi=10.1038/438575a |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> Bats are also known to be the reservoirs for a number of related viruses including [[Nipah virus]], [[Hendra virus]] and [[lyssavirus]]es. | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 15:57, 5 April 2012
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| style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;"|Ebola virus | ||||||||
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| style="background:#Template:Taxobox colour;" | Virus classification | ||||||||
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| Type species | ||||||||
| Zaïre Ebolavirus | ||||||||
| Species | ||||||||
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Reston Ebolavirus |
| Ebola | ||
| ICD-10 | A98.4 | |
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| ICD-9 | 065.8 | |
| DiseasesDB | 18043 | |
| MedlinePlus | 001339 | |
| MeSH | C02.782.417.415 | |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Ebola Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Postmortem Care |
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Case Studies |
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Ebola On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ebola |
Overview
Classification
Historical Perspective
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology & Demographics
Risk Factors
Causes
Differentiating Ebola
Natural history, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory tests | Case Studies
Treatment
Medical therapy | Primary prevention | Secondary prevention | Financial costs | Future therapies
Viral reservoirs
Despite numerous studies, the wildlife reservoir of Ebolavirus has not been identified. Between 1976 and 1998, from 30,000 mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods sampled from outbreak regions, no Ebolavirus was detected [1] apart from some genetic material found in six rodents (Mus setulosus and Praomys species) and a shrew (Sylvisorex ollula) collected from the Central African Republic in 1998.[2] Ebolavirus was detected in the carcasses of gorillas, chimpanzees and duikers during outbreaks in 2001 and 2003 (the carcasses were the source of the initial human infections) but the high mortality from infection in these species precludes them from acting as reservoirs.[1]
Plants, arthropods, and birds have also been considered as reservoirs, however bats are considered the most likely candidate[3]. Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in which the index cases for the 1976 and 1979 outbreaks were employed and have also been implicated in Marburg infections in 1975 and 1980.[1] Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species experimentally inoculated with Ebolavirus, only bats became infected.[4] The absence of clinical signs in these bats is characteristic of a reservoir species. In 2002-03, a survey of 1,030 animals from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo including 679 bats found Ebolavirus RNA in 13 fruit bats (Hyspignathus monstrosus, Epomops franquetti and Myonycteris torquata).[5] Bats are also known to be the reservoirs for a number of related viruses including Nipah virus, Hendra virus and lyssaviruses.
See also
- Dr. Ngoy Mushola
- Needle remover
- Sharps waste
- Bolivian haemorrhagic fever
- Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF)
- Marburg haemorrhagic fever, the first known disease caused by a filovirus
- Dr. Matthew Lukwiya (1957-Dec 5, 2000), A Ugandan doctor at the forefront of the 2000 outbreak.
- Dr. Jonah Kule, (-Dec 4, 2007)
- VHFs
- Epidemiology
- Bushmeat
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pourrut, Xavier (2005). "The natural history of Ebola virus in Africa". Microbes and Infection. 7 (7–8): 1005–1014. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Morvan, Jaques (1999). "Identification of Ebola virus sequences present as RNA or DNA in organs of terrestrial small mammals of the Central African Republic". Microbes and Infection. 1 (14): 1193–1201. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(99)00242-7. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ "Fruit bats may carry Ebola virus". BBC News. 2005-12-11. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
- ↑ Swanepoel, R (1996). "Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2: 321–325. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Leroy, Eric (2005). "Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus". Nature. 438: 575–576. doi:10.1038/438575a. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help)
External links
Overviews
- Database entry on genus Ebolavirus - ICTVdB
- Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever - Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Ebola Virus Infection and Other Haemorrhagic Fevers held in Antwerp, Belgium, 6-8 December, 1977
- Questions and Answers about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - Center for Disease Control (CDC), retrieved 10 July 2006
- WHO Factsheet - retrieved 10 July 2006
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC) - Information concerning Ebola vaccine research studies
Outbreaks
- Ebola outbreak in Congo - CBC News, 12 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-13.
- Ebola 'kills over 5,000 gorillas' - BBC News, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
- History of Ebola Outbreaks - Centers for Disease Control Special Pathogens Branch, retrieved 2006-07-10.
- Infection Control for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting - Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, December 1998.
- Filovirus Global Symposium - Filomeeting 2008
Life Cycle
- Biomarker Database - information on Ebola
Infectivity
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases: Gene-Specific Ebola Therapies Protect Nonhuman Primates from Lethal Disease
- Lethal experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Ebola-Zaire (Mayinga) virus by the oral and conjunctival route of exposure PubMed, February 1996, Jaax et al.
- Lethal experimental infections of rhesus monkeys by aerosolized Ebola and marburg virus PubMed, August 1995
- Marburg and Ebola viruses as aerosol threats PubMed, 2004, USAMRIID
- Other viral bioweapons: Ebola and Marburg hemorrhag fever PubMed, 2004
- Transmission of Ebola virus (Zaire strain) to uninfected control monkeys in a biocontainment laboratory PubMed, December 1993
- What is the probability of a dangerous strain of Ebola mutating and becoming airborne? Brett Russel, retrieved 2006-07-10.