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Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community. Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities. They may be under [[case management]] (sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or [[partial hospitalization|day treatment]], utilize a [[Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation|psychosocial rehabilitation]] program, and/or take part in an [[Assertive Community Treatment]] program. Individuals may be treated against their will in some cases, especially if assessed to be at high risk to themselves or others. Services in some countries are increasingly based on a [[Recovery model]] that supports an individual's journey to regain a meaningful life.
Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community. Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities. They may be under [[case management]] (sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or [[partial hospitalization|day treatment]], utilize a [[Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation|psychosocial rehabilitation]] program, and/or take part in an [[Assertive Community Treatment]] program. Individuals may be treated against their will in some cases, especially if assessed to be at high risk to themselves or others. Services in some countries are increasingly based on a [[Recovery model]] that supports an individual's journey to regain a meaningful life.
== Perception and discrimination ==
=== Media ===
{{main|Mental disorders in art and literature}}
Media coverage of mental illness comprises predominantly negative depictions, for example, of incompetence, violence or criminality, with far less coverage of positive issues such as accomplishments or [[human rights]] issues.<ref>Coverdate, J., Nairn, R. & Claasen, D. (2001) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00998.x?journalCode=anpquick Depictions of mental illness in print media: a prospective national sample] ''Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry'', 36 (5), 697–700.</ref><ref>Edney, RD. (2004) [http://www.ontario.cmha.ca/content/about_mental_illness/mass_media.asp Mass Media and Mental Illness: A Literature Review] Canadian Mental Health Association</ref><ref>Diefenbach, D.L. (1998) [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/46099/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 The portrayal of mental illness on prime-time television] ''Journal of Community Psychology'' Vol 25, Issue 3, Pages 289-302</ref> Such negative depictions, including in children's cartoons, are thought to contribute to [[stigma]] and negative attitudes in the public and in those with mental health problems themselves, although more sensitive or serious cinematic portrayals have increased in prevalence.<ref>Sieff, E. (2003) [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cjmh/2003/00000012/00000003/art00006 Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames] ''Journal of Mental Health'', Vol 12(3) pp. 259-269</ref><ref>Wahl, O.F. (2003) [http://abs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/46/12/1594 News Media Portrayal of Mental Illness: Implications for Public Policy] ''American Behavioral Scientist'' Vol. 46, No. 12, 1594-1600</ref>
=== General public ===
The general public have been found to hold a strong stereotype of dangerousness and desire for social distance from individuals described as mentally ill.<ref>Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=10474548 Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance.] ''Am J Public Health.'' Sep;89(9):1328-33.</ref> Japan has been reported to have more negative attitudes than Australia, although stigma appears common in both countries.<ref>Griffiths KM, Nakane Y, Christensen H, Yoshioka K, Jorm AF, Nakane H. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16716231 Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan.] ''BMC Psychiatry.'' May 23;6:21.</ref>
===Violence===
The public fear of violence due to mental illness is a contentious topic. One US national survey indicated that a far higher percentage of Americans rated individuals described as displaying the characteristics of a mental disorder (for example Schizophrenia or Substance Use Disorder) as "likely to do something violent to others" compared to those described as being 'troubled'.<ref>Pescosolido BA, Monahan J, Link BG, Stueve A, Kikuzawa S. (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10474550 The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems.] ''American Journal of Public Health.'' Sep;89(9):1339-45.</ref> Research indicates, on balance, a higher than average number of violent acts by some individuals with certain diagnoses, notably antisocial or psychopathic personality disorders, but conflicting findings about specific symptoms (for example links between psychosis and violence in community settings) - but the mediating factors of such acts are most consistently found to be mainly socio-demographic and socio-economic factors such as being young, [[male]], of lower socio-economic [[status]] and, in particular, substance abuse (including [[alcohol]]).<ref name="Stuart03">Stuart, H. (2003) [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1525086 Violence and mental illness: an overview.] '' World Psychiatry. June; 2(2): 121–124</ref><ref>Steadman HJ, Mulvey EP, Monahan J, Robbins PC, Appelbaum PS, Grisso T, Roth LH, Silver E. (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=9596041 Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods.] ''Archives of General Psychiatry.'' May;55(5):393-401.</ref><ref name="Rogers&Pilgram05"/> Findings consistently indicate that it is many times more likely that people diagnosed with a serious mental illness living in the community will be the victim rather than the perpetrator of violence.<ref name="Stuart03"/><ref>Brekke JS, Prindle C, Bae SW, Long JD (2001). Risks for individuals with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Psychiatric Services. Oct;52(10):1358–66. PMID 11585953</ref> Violence by or against individuals with mental illness typically occurs in the context of complex social interactions (including in atmosphere of mutually high "[[expressed emotion]]"), including within a family setting,<ref>Solomon, PL., Cavanaugh, MM., Gelles, RJ. (2005) [http://tva.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/6/1/40 Family Violence among Adults with Severe Mental Illness.] ''Trauma, Violence, & Abuse'', Vol. 6, No. 1, 40-54</ref> as well as being an issue in healthcare settings<ref>Chou, KR., Lu, RB., Chang, M. (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11779087 Assaultive behavior by psychiatric in-patients and its related factors.] ''Journal of Nursing Research.'' Dec;9(5):139-51</ref> and the wider community.<ref>B. Lögdberg, L.-L. Nilsson, M. T. Levander, S. Levander (2004) [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x/abs/ Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime.] ''[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]],'' 110(2) Page 92.</ref>
===Employment===
[[Employment discrimination]] is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of [[unemployment]] among those with a diagnosis of mental illness<ref>Heather Stuart (2006) [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/542517 Mental Illness and Employment Discrimination] ''Current Opinion in Psychiatry'' 19(5):522-526.</ref> Schemes to combat [[stigma]] have been prioritized by global and national psychiatric organizations, but their methods and outcomes have been criticized as counterproductive.<ref>Read, J., Haslam, N., Sayce, L., Davies, E. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17022790 Prejudice and schizophrenia: a review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach] ''[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]] Nov;114(5):303-18</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 19:10, 23 August 2012

Mental disorder
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Differential Diagnosis

In alphabetical order. [1] [2]

Anxiety Disorders

Childhood Disorders

Cognitive Disorders

Eating Disorders

Mood Disorders

  • Bipolar Disorder
  • Cyclothymic disorder
  • Dysthymic disorder
  • Major depressive disorder

Personality Disorders

  • Antisocial personality
  • Borderline personality
  • Dependent personality
  • Histrionic personality
  • Obsessive-compulsive personality

Schizophrenia (and other)

  • Brief psychotic disorder
  • Delusional disorder
  • Psychotic disorders
  • Schizoaffective disorder
  • Schizophreniform disorder
  • Shared psychotic disorder

Substance-Related Disorders

  • Alcoholism
  • Amphetamines
  • Cannabis
  • Cocaine
  • Hallucinogens
  • Inhalants
  • Nicotine
  • Opinoids
  • Phencyclidines
  • Sedatives

Treatment

Main article: Treatment of mental disorders

Mental health services may be based in hospitals, clinics or the community. Often an individual may engage in different treatment modalities. They may be under case management (sometimes referred to as "service coordination"), use inpatient or day treatment, utilize a psychosocial rehabilitation program, and/or take part in an Assertive Community Treatment program. Individuals may be treated against their will in some cases, especially if assessed to be at high risk to themselves or others. Services in some countries are increasingly based on a Recovery model that supports an individual's journey to regain a meaningful life.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

Further reading

  • Atkinson, J. (2006) Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation, Edinburgh, Dunedin Academic Press
  • Hockenbury, Don and Sandy (2004). Discovering Psychology. Worth Publishers. ISBN 0-7167-5704-4.
  • Roy Porter, Madness. A Brief History, Oxford University Press 2003
  • Wiencke, Markus (2006) Schizophrenie als Ergebnis von Wechselwirkungen: Georg Simmels Individualitätskonzept in der Klinischen Psychologie. In David Kim (ed.), Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity (pp. 123-155). Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, ISBN 1-84718-060-5

Template:Mental illness (alphabetical list)


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