Filariasis history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis; thickening of the skin and underlying tissues; which was the first disease discovered to be transmitted by insects. Elephantiasis is caused when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system. Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, whereas ears, mucus membranes, and amputation stumps are rarely affected; however, it depends on the species of filaria. W. bancrofti can affect the legs, arms, vulva, breasts, while Brugia timori rarely affects the genitals.

History and Symptoms

Lymphatic filariasis can cause

• Elephantiasis (frequently in the lower extremities)
• Scrotal swelling and scrotal elephantiasis (patients with Wuchereria bancrofti)
• Nocturnal cough
• Wheezing
• Fever

Onchocerciasis can cause

• Pruritus
• Dermatitis
• The most serious manifestation consists of ocular lesions that can progress to blindness.

Loiasis (Loa loa) can cause

• Asymptomatic
• Episodic angioedema (Calabar swellings)

Infections by Mansonella perstans can cause

• Asymptomatic
• Angioedema
• Pruritus
• Fever
• Headaches
• Arthralgias
• Neurologic manifestations

Mansonella streptocerca can cause

• Pruritus
• Papular eruptions
• Pigmentation changes

Mansonella ozzardi can cause symptoms that include

• Arthralgias
• Headaches
• Fever
• Pulmonary symptoms
• Pruritus