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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm overview|Overview]]== |
| Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is a sequela to myocardial infarction which occurrs in 10% to 30% of patients surviving an acute [[myocardial infarction]]. | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm classification|Classification]]== |
| ==Classification== | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| Left ventricular aneurysms are classified as true and false [[aneurysm]]s. While both true aneurysms and false (pseudo) ventricular aneurysms are the sequelae of [[myocardial infarction]], their etiology, pathologic findings, diagnostic findings, and treatment are different. | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm causes|Causes]]== |
| | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm differential diagnosis|Differentiating Left ventricular aneurysm from other Diseases]]== |
| ===True Left Ventricular Aneurysm=== | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| A true left ventricular aneurysm has an aneurysmal sac which contains the [[endocardium]], [[epicardium]], and thinned fibrous tissue ([[scar]]) that is a remnant of the left ventricular muscle. A true left ventricular aneurysm, particularly if small, may cause few or any symptoms and is compatible with prolonged survival. Rupture of a true aneurysm is relatively uncommon. Surgical resection is therefore only necessary when refractory [[angina]] pectoris, [[congestive heart failure]], systemic embolization, or refractory arrhythmias are present.
| | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm screening|Screening]]== |
| ===False Left Ventricular Aneurysm or Pseudoaneurysm=== | | ==[[Left ventricular aneurysm natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| Unlike a true aneurysm, which contains some myocardial elements in its wall, the walls of a false aneurysm are composed of organized [[hematoma]] and [[pericardium]] and lack any element of the original myocardial wall. A false aneurysmal sac represents a pericardium that contains a ruptured [[left ventricle]]. In contrast to true aneurysms, false aneurysms have a greater tendency to rupture and require surgical repair.
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| ==Pathophysiology==
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| ===Gross Pathology=== | |
| Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission. [http://www.peir.net © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
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| <div align="left">
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| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
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| Image:Heart left ventricular aneurysm sa.jpg|Left ventricular aneurysm
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| Image:LV aneurysm1.jpg|Left Ventricle Aneurysm: Gross natural color horizontal section apex of left ventricle with aneurysmal dilation and mural thrombus. A large scar tissue in myocardium.
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| Image:LV aneurysm2.jpg|Left ventricular aneurysm.
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| Image:LV aneurysm3.jpg|Heart; old myocardial infarction with aneurysm formation
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| </gallery>
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| </div>
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| ===Electrocardiogram===
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| Shown below is an example of an EKG of a person with a left ventricular aneurysm. Note the [[ST elevation]] in the anterior leads.
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| [[Image:LeftvAneurysmCrop.jpg|center|thumb|500px]]
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| True aneurysms distort the shape of the left ventricle during both diastole and systole, and the motion of the aneurysmal segment is paradoxical. This can be associated with ST changes including ST elevation, particularly at high heart rates as might be encountered during exercise.
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| ===Imaging===
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| (Radiological Images Courtesy of RadsWiki)
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| ====Chest X Ray====
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| The presence of a discrete bulge in the heart anteriorly is suggestive of a true [[aneurysm]].
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| <gallery>
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| Image:Calcified-ventricular-aneurysm-001.jpg|Calcified left ventricular aneurysm
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| Image:Calcified-ventricular-aneurysm-005.jpg|Calcified left ventricular aneurysm
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| Image:Ventricular aneurysm.jpg|Ventricular aneurysm
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| </gallery>
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| ====Chest CT Scan====
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| *True aneurysms will often have a wide neck and are often apical in location.
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| *False aneurysms will often have a narrow neck and are often posterior diaphragmatic in loccation.
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| <gallery>
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| Image:Calcified-ventricular-aneurysm-002.jpg|Calcified left ventricular aneurysm
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| Image:Calcified-ventricular-aneurysm-003.jpg|Calcified left ventricular aneurysm
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| Image:Calcified-ventricular-aneurysm-004.jpg|Calcified left ventricular aneurysm
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| </gallery>
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| ==2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid15339869">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK |title=ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction) |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=e82–292 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15339869 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15339869}}</ref>==
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| ===Left Ventricular Aneurysm (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid15339869">{{cite journal|author=Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK |title=ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction) |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=9|pages=e82–292 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15339869 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15339869}}</ref>===
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | [[Left ventricular aneurysm history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm physical examination|Physical Examination]] | |
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| | [[Left ventricular aneurysm laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm CT|CT]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm MRI|MRI]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| | colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
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| | bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' It is reasonable that patients with [[STEMI]] who develop a ventricular aneurysm associated with intractable [[ventricular tachyarrhythmia]]s and/or [[pump failure]] unresponsive to medical and catheter based therapy be considered for [[LV]] aneurysmectomy and [[CABG]] surgery. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki> | |
| |}
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| ==Sources== | | ==Treatment== |
| *The 2004 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction <ref name="pmid15339869">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Hand M, Hochman JS, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lamas GA, Mullany CJ, Ornato JP, Pearle DL, Sloan MA, Smith SC, Alpert JS, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gibbons RJ, Gregoratos G, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Jacobs AK |title=ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction) |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=e82–292 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15339869 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15339869}}</ref>
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| *The 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction <ref name="pmid18071078">{{cite journal |author=Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, ''et al'' |title=2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee |journal=Circulation |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=296–329 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18071078 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188209 |url=}}</ref>
| | [[Left ventricular aneurysm medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm surgery|Surgery]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Left ventricular aneurysm future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| | ==Case Studies== |
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| | [[Left ventricular aneurysm case study one|Case #1]] |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
