Disseminated intravascular coagulation causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Causes

There are a variety of causes of DIC, all usually causing the release of chemicals into the blood that instigates the coagulation.

• Infections:
  • Sepsis, particularly with gram-negative bacteria
  • Viral
  • Malaria
  • Rickettsial
• Obstetric complications (most common cause), with chemicals from the uterus being released into the blood. These include:
  • Amniotic fluid embolism
  • Eclampsia
  • Abruptio placentae
  • Placenta praevia
  • intra-uterine death
• Tissue trauma such as burns, accidents, surgery, heat stroke or shock.
• Liver disease:
  • Cirrhosis
  • Acute hepatic necrosis
• Incompatible blood transfusion reactions or massive blood transfusion (when more than the total circulatory volume is tranfused)
• Graft-versus-host disease
• Cancers, particularly of the following types, and especially when metastatic:
  • Stomach cancer
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Pancreatic cancer
  • Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma
  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers bring about their frank effects, paradoxically, by causing DIC.
• Envenomation by some species of venomous snakes, such as those belonging to the genus Echis (saw-scaled vipers).

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aortic aneurysm, Malignant hypertension, Myocardial infarction, Septic shock, Shock, Vasculitis
Chemical / poisoning	Snake bite
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Amphetamine, Cocaine, Interleukin 2, Serotonin syndrome
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, Acute hepatic failure, Acute pancreatitis, Crohn disease, Liver disease, Ulcerative colitis
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Purpura fulminans, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia
Iatrogenic	Acute renal allograft rejection, Blood transfusion and complications, Denver shunt, Extensive surgery, LeVeen shunt, Peritoneovenous shunt, Prosthetic devices, Recent anesthesia, Reperfusion after liver transplantation, Ventricular assist devices
Infectious Disease	Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Aspergillosis, Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, CMV, Hepatitis viruses, Histoplasmosis, Malaria (malignant tertian), Meningococcal septicaemia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningiditis, Neisseria meningitidis, Osteomyelitis, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Sarcoidosis, Sleeping sickness (East African), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Tuberculosis, Typhoid fever, Viral hemorrhagic fevers, VZV, Septic shock
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Amniotic fluid embolism, Eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, Intrauterine death, Placental abruption, Pre-eclampsia, Retained intrauterine fetal demise
Oncologic	Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Cancers of lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach, Giant hemangioma, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma, Myeloproliferative syndromes, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Trousseau's syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Empyema
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Antiphospholipid syndrome, Macrophage activation syndrome, Raynaud disease, Rheumatoid arthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Burns, Crush syndrome, Head injury, Lightning strike, Motor vehicle accidents, Severe tissue injury
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Heat stroke

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Acute hepatic failure Acute myeloid leukemia Acute pancreatitis Acute promyelocytic leukemia Acute renal allograft rejection Amniotic fluid embolism Amphetamine Antiphospholipid syndrome Aortic aneurysm Argentine hemorrhagic fever Aspergillosis Blood transfusion and complications Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever Burns Cancers of lung, pancreas, prostate and stomach Capnocytophaga canimorsus CMV Cocaine Crohn disease Crush syndrome Denver shunt Eclampsia Empyema Extensive surgery Giant hemangioma Head injury Heat stroke HELLP syndrome Hepatitis viruses Histoplasmosis Interleukin 2 Intrauterine death Kasabach-Merritt syndrome LeVeen shunt Lightning strike Liver disease Macrophage activation syndrome Malaria (malignant tertian)

Malignant hypertension Meningococcal septicaemia Motor vehicle accidents Mucin-secreting adenocarcinoma Mycoplasma pneumoniae Myeloproliferative syndromes Myocardial infarction Neisseria meningiditis Neisseria meningitidis Osteomyelitis Paraneoplastic syndrome Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Peritoneovenous shunt Placental abruption Pre-eclampsia Prosthetic devices Purpura fulminans Raynaud disease Recent anesthesia Reperfusion after liver transplantation Retained intrauterine fetal demise Rheumatoid arthritis Rocky mountain spotted fever Sarcoidosis Septic shock Serotonin syndrome Severe tissue injury Shock Sleeping sickness (East African) Snake bite Streptococcus pneumoniae Trousseau's syndrome Tuberculosis Typhoid fever Ulcerative colitis Vasculitis Ventricular assist devices Viral hemorrhagic fevers VZV