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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| | | [[Breast lumps]], or [[Breast lumps|breast palpable masses]], are the second most common breast symptom, after [[mastalgia]]. These must be distinguished from the normal nodularity of the breast. They can be of cystic or solid nature, which can’t be appropriately distinguished just based on physical examination. (2) Usually a breast lump is only palpable after reaching 2 cm of diameter. (1) |
| | Breast lumps are more commonly found in premenopausal women, becoming less frequent with age. (1) |
| | The most common lesions are fibroadenomas, cysts and carcinomas. The probability of malignancy on a breast lump increases with age. (1) |
| | Factors like the woman’s age and physical characteristics of the mass, palpated by the clinician, may provide clues about its etiology on an initial assessment however, definitive diagnosis must be pursued, since all breast lumps require careful assessment. (3) |
| | Every palpable mass, whose benign nature cannot be appropriately assessed by ultrasound, will require biopsy for tissue diagnosis. This also applies for lesions that cannot be visualized by mammography. The role of the mammography in this setting is also to look for other coincident lesions that may not be palpated. (2) |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Breast lumps, or breast palpable masses, are the second most common breast symptom, after mastalgia. These must be distinguished from the normal nodularity of the breast. They can be of cystic or solid nature, which can’t be appropriately distinguished just based on physical examination. (2) Usually a breast lump is only palpable after reaching 2 cm of diameter. (1)
Breast lumps are more commonly found in premenopausal women, becoming less frequent with age. (1)
The most common lesions are fibroadenomas, cysts and carcinomas. The probability of malignancy on a breast lump increases with age. (1)
Factors like the woman’s age and physical characteristics of the mass, palpated by the clinician, may provide clues about its etiology on an initial assessment however, definitive diagnosis must be pursued, since all breast lumps require careful assessment. (3)
Every palpable mass, whose benign nature cannot be appropriately assessed by ultrasound, will require biopsy for tissue diagnosis. This also applies for lesions that cannot be visualized by mammography. The role of the mammography in this setting is also to look for other coincident lesions that may not be palpated. (2)
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
There are no life-threatening causes.
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
Mondor's disease
|
| Chemical/Poisoning
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dermatologic
|
Cysts of montgomery, Epithelioma of the nipple, Hives, Intraductal papilloma , Lymphocytoma cutis, Paget's disease of the breast, Retroareolar cyst, Sclerosing adenosis, Sebaceous cyst, Skin lumps, Zuska's Disease
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
Alefacept, Cyclosporine , Efalizumab, Estradiol, Estrogen, Estrogen and progestin, Etanercept, Etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, Medroxyprogesterone, Norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol, Progestin
|
| Ear Nose Throat
|
No underlying causes
|
| Endocrine
|
Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), Breast fibroadenoma, Chronic cystic mastitis, Fibro-adenosis of the newborn, Fibroadenoma, Galactocele, Giant fibroadenoma, Glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy, Gynecomastia, Hyalinized fibroadenoma, Premenstrual syndrome, Simple cyst
|
| Environmental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Gastroenterologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Genetic
|
Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Apocrine metaplasia, Apocrine or squamous metaplasia , Apocrine papillary carcinoma, Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity, Breast cancer, Cancer, Colloidal breast cancer , Cowden syndrome, Cyclosporine , Cyst wall cancer , Ductal carcinoma, Extramedullary myeloid tumor, Giant mammary hamartoma, Hamartoma, Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer , Hodgkin's disease, Inflammatory breast cancer, Juvenile secretory carcinoma , Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Lymphoma, Malignant carcinoma, Medullary carcinoma, Metastatic breast cancer, Metastatic cancer, Mucinous carcinoma , Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Primary breast cancer, Pten hamartoma tumor syndrome
|
| Hematologic
|
Extramedullary myeloid tumor, Hodgkin's disease, Lymphoma, Medullary carcinoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Sarcoma, Venous thrombosis
|
| Iatrogenic
|
Abscess , Alefacept, Breast abscess, Breast fat necrosis, Breast implant, Complicated cyst, Cyclosporine , Efalizumab, Estradiol, Estrogen, Estrogen and progestin, Etanercept, Etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol , Hematoma, Medroxyprogesterone, Norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol, Postoperative scar/hematoma , Progestin, Radial scar , Radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Abscess , Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, Breast abscess, Tuberculosis of the breast
|
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Neurologic
|
Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity
|
| Nutritional/Metabolic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI), Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Apocrine metaplasia, Apocrine or squamous metaplasia , Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, Apocrine papillary carcinoma, Breast abscess, Breast cancer, Breast duct papilloma, Breast fat necrosis, Breast fibroadenoma, Breast implant, Breast injury,Breast trauma, Chronic cystic mastitis, Colloidal breast cancer , Complicated cyst, Cowden syndrome, Cyst wall cancer , Cystosarcoma phyllodes, Cysts of montgomery, Duct ectasia of breast, Ductal carcinoma, Epithelioma of the nipple, Fat necrosis, Fibro-adeno-lipoma , Fibro-adenosis of the newborn, Fibroadenoma, Galactocele, Giant fibroadenoma , Giant mammary hamartoma, Glandular thickening due to hormonal changes of pregnancy, Gynecomastia, Hyalinized fibroadenoma , Intraductal papilloma , Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Lobular neoplasia, Lymphocytic mastitis, Mammary duct ectasia , Mastitis, Metastatic breast cancer, Mucinous carcinoma, Paget's disease of the breast, Periductal mastitis, Phyllodes tumor, Plasma cell mastitis, Primary breast cancer, Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, Retroareolar cyst, Ruptured cyst or duct , Sclerosing adenosis, Tuberculosis of the breast, Zuska's Disease
|
| Oncologic
|
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Apocrine papillary carcinoma, Ataxia-telangiectasia heterozygosity, Breast cancer, Cancer, Colloidal breast cancer, Cyst wall cancer , Cystosarcoma phyllodes, Desmoplastic small round cell tumor, Ductal carcinoma, Epithelioma of the nipple, Extramedullary myeloid tumor, Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer , Hodgkin's disease, Inflammatory breast cancer, Juvenile secretory carcinoma , Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Lymphoma, Malignant carcinoma, Medullary carcinoma, Metastatic breast cancer, Metastatic cancer, Mucinous carcinoma , Paget's disease of the breast, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Phyllodes tumor, Primary breast cancer, Pten hamartoma tumor syndrome, Radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Sarcoma
|
| Ophthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose/Toxicity
|
No underlying causes
|
| Psychiatric
|
No underlying causes
|
| Pulmonary
|
No underlying causes
|
| Renal/Electrolyte
|
No underlying causes
|
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
|
Benign inflammatory periductal mastitis, Cysts of montgomery, Desmoplastic small round cell tumor, Hives, Inflammatory breast cancer, Intramammary lymph node , Lymphatic obstruction, Lymphocytoma cutis, Lymphocytic mastitis, Mastitis, Mondor's disease, Periductal mastitis, Plasma cell mastitis, Zuska's Disease
|
| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
|
| Trauma
|
Breast fat necrosis, Breast injury, Breast trauma, Fat necrosis, Hematoma , Ruptured cyst or duct , Traumatic fat necrosis
|
| Urologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Fibro-adeno-lipoma , Hypertrophy, Lipoma, Lymphatic obstruction, Oil cyst , Postoperative scar/hematoma , Radial scar , Ruptured cyst or duct , Venous thrombosis
|
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
Template:WikiDoc Sources