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==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
===Development of Treatment Strategies===
===Development of Treatment Strategies===
The first surgical correction of vertebral artery stenosis was published by Crawford and De Bakey in 1958.<ref name="pmid13575180">CRAWFORD ES, DE BAKEY ME, FIELDS WS (1958)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13575180 Roentgenographic diagnosis and surgical treatment of basilar artery insufficiency.] ''J Am Med Assoc'' 168 (5):509-14. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/13575180 13575180]</ref>  Transposition of the proximal vertebral artery to the common carotid was described by Clark and Perry in 1966.<ref name="pmid5907566">Clark K, Perry MO (1966) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5907566 Carotid vertebral anastomosis: an alternate technic for repair of the subclavian steal syndrome.] ''Ann Surg'' 163 (3):414-6. PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/5907566 5907566]</ref>  The [[ great saphenous vein|saphenous vein]] was used to bypass vertebral artery origin stenoses during 1970s.<ref name="pmid949261">Berguer R, Andaya LV, Bauer RB (1976) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=949261 Vertebral artery bypass.] ''Arch Surg'' 111 (9):976-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/949261 949261]</ref>  The approach to the distal vertebral artery was first described by Matas<ref name="pmid17859982">Matas R (1893)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859982 Traumatisms and Traumatic Aneurisms of the Vertebral Artery and Their Surgical Treatment with the Report of a Cured Case.] ''Ann Surg'' 18 (5):477-521. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17859982 17859982]</ref>and was used for the treatment of traumatic injury.And in 1978,the [[carotid endarterectomy]] was proved  to produced relief of symptoms in 90% of the patients.<ref name="pmid708258">Rosenthal D, Cossman D, Ledig CB, Callow AD (1978)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?Meagswhile,venous bypass and skull base transposition procedures to revascularize the distal vertebral artery were developed dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=708258 Results of carotid endarterectomy for vertebrobasilar insufficiency: an evaluation over ten years.] ''Arch Surg'' 113 (11):1361-4. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/708258 708258]</ref>  In 1981, Motarjeme et published the first case of vertebral artery origi [[angioplasty]].<ref name="pmid7232739">Motarjeme A, Keifer JW, Zuska AJ (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7232739 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the vertebral arteries.] ''Radiology'' 139 (3):715-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.139.3.7232739 DOI:10.1148/radiology.139.3.7232739] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7232739 7232739]</ref>  In the recent 30 years, different kinds of surgery was rapidly developed to treat the VBI, such as fenestration, passby surgery, [[angioplasty]].  With the development of interventional techniques, more and more attemps have been made to treat the VBI, but there isn't enough comparative evidence to support the benefit of interventional therapy.
The first surgical correction of vertebral artery stenosis was published by Crawford and De Bakey in 1958.<ref name="pmid13575180">CRAWFORD ES, DE BAKEY ME, FIELDS WS (1958)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=13575180 Roentgenographic diagnosis and surgical treatment of basilar artery insufficiency.] ''J Am Med Assoc'' 168 (5):509-14. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/13575180 13575180]</ref>  Transposition of the proximal vertebral artery to the common carotid was described by Clark and Perry in 1966.<ref name="pmid5907566">Clark K, Perry MO (1966) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5907566 Carotid vertebral anastomosis: an alternate technic for repair of the subclavian steal syndrome.] ''Ann Surg'' 163 (3):414-6. PMID:[http://pubmed.gov/5907566 5907566]</ref>  The [[ great saphenous vein|saphenous vein]] was used to bypass vertebral artery origin stenoses during 1970s.<ref name="pmid949261">Berguer R, Andaya LV, Bauer RB (1976) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=949261 Vertebral artery bypass.] ''Arch Surg'' 111 (9):976-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/949261 949261]</ref>  The approach to the distal vertebral artery was first described by Matas<ref name="pmid17859982">Matas R (1893)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859982 Traumatisms and Traumatic Aneurisms of the Vertebral Artery and Their Surgical Treatment with the Report of a Cured Case.] ''Ann Surg'' 18 (5):477-521. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/17859982 17859982]</ref>and was used for the treatment of traumatic injury.And in 1978,the [[carotid endarterectomy]] was proved  to produced relief of symptoms in 90% of the patients.<ref name="pmid708258">Rosenthal D, Cossman D, Ledig CB, Callow AD (1978)[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?Meagswhile,venous bypass and skull base transposition procedures to revascularize the distal vertebral artery were developed dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=708258 Results of carotid endarterectomy for vertebrobasilar insufficiency: an evaluation over ten years.] ''Arch Surg'' 113 (11):1361-4. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/708258 708258]</ref>  In 1981, Motarjeme et published the first case of vertebral artery origi [[angioplasty]].<ref name="pmid7232739">Motarjeme A, Keifer JW, Zuska AJ (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7232739 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the vertebral arteries.] ''Radiology'' 139 (3):715-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.139.3.7232739 DOI:10.1148/radiology.139.3.7232739] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7232739 7232739]</ref>  In the recent 30 years, different kinds of surgery was rapidly developed to treat the VBI, such as fenestration, passby surgery.  With the development of interventional techniques, more and more attemps have been made to treat the VBI, but there isn't enough comparative evidence to support the benefit of interventional therapy.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:06, 10 December 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

The concept of “vertebrobasilar insufficiency" was first described in 1961 by Niedermeyer.[1]

Historical Perspective

Development of Treatment Strategies

The first surgical correction of vertebral artery stenosis was published by Crawford and De Bakey in 1958.[2] Transposition of the proximal vertebral artery to the common carotid was described by Clark and Perry in 1966.[3] The saphenous vein was used to bypass vertebral artery origin stenoses during 1970s.[4] The approach to the distal vertebral artery was first described by Matas[5]and was used for the treatment of traumatic injury.And in 1978,the carotid endarterectomy was proved to produced relief of symptoms in 90% of the patients.[6] In 1981, Motarjeme et published the first case of vertebral artery origi angioplasty.[7] In the recent 30 years, different kinds of surgery was rapidly developed to treat the VBI, such as fenestration, passby surgery. With the development of interventional techniques, more and more attemps have been made to treat the VBI, but there isn't enough comparative evidence to support the benefit of interventional therapy.

References

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